The T3 Watershed Experiment Upland Silviculture Study explores innovative approaches to managing forests in the Olympic Experimental State Forest (OESF) managed by Washington state DNR. This model study is an addendum to the T3 study exploring different treatments to enhance ecological heterogeneity through the implementation of variable-density plantings in the context of marigold growth. Variable-density planting increases heterogeneity by adding a variety of clumped areas across a unit which has the potential to enhance biodiversity and habitat, improve ecological resiliency, increase carbon sequestration, and optimize tree growth. We chose marigolds to act as a model specie for conifers due to its short life cycle, ease of use, and ability to growth tall and straight. Our team planted marigolds using three treatment groupings including small clump, large hex clump, and regular spacing (control)— implemented in six boxes within a controlled greenhouse environment. In Autumn 2024, volunteers and I collected comprehensive data on various growth metrics. Later, I measured the biomass of leaves, stems, reproductive shoots, and total biomass to determine biomass variations. I analyzed the effects of treatment on the stem straightness/sway, mortality, biomass of different tissues, and social class proportions. This research contributes to the broader understanding of how variable-density plantings influence vegetation dynamics, providing valuable insights for silviculture practices. The findings aim to inform future land management strategies by providing data that supports the hypothesis that variable density planting may provide numerous benefits without decreasing timber harvests.

The Campanian stage of the Cretaceous (~84–72 million years [Ma]) was the zenith of dinosaur diversity. Western North America is highly fossiliferous and preserves Campanian-age rock units throughout the Western Interior Basin. Most studies that investigated dinosaur diversity from this interval used data obtained from macrosites (e.g., skeletons), whereas few have investigated vertebrate microfossil sites. Vertebrate microfossil sites are a rich source of data on biodiversity (e.g., taxon richness, relative abundance) and how it changes through time. The Judith River Formation of north-central Montana is rich in vertebrate microfossil sites, preserving 4 million years of the Campanian (~79–74 Ma). Here we aim to observe patterns of dinosaur diversity in the Judith River Formation by quantifying dinosaur taxon richness and relative abundances based on dinosaur teeth from two stratigraphically and temporally separated microfossil sites. These sites are the lower Makela-French 1 (~77 Ma) and the upper Clamfetti (~75 Ma). Presently, we have 300 specimens out of a planned 400. We hypothesize that changes in diversity and abudance occurred between these two sites. Our preliminary results reveal a change in dinosaur diversity between Makela-French 1 and Clamfetti. Hadrosaurs and ceratopsians are present and relatively abundance at both sites, whereas ankylosaurs decrease in abundance from Makela-French 1 to Clamfetti. Small herbivores like pachycephalosaurs and hypsilophodonts are rare at both sites. Theropods show similar patterns to the herbivore’s trends. Tyrannosaurs and dromaeosaurs are common at both sites, whereas troodontids are absent from Makela-French 1. These preliminary findings reflect diversity patterns that are not easily observable solely through the collection of dinosaur macrofossils. Our continued collection of fossils from Makela-French 1, Clamfetti, and additional sites will increase our sample size and provide better fine-scale resolution of dinosaur diversity patterns during this crucial interval in their evolution.

The Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction (66.052 Ma) is one of the most important events in mammalian evolution as it was the catalyst for mammals to diversify and fill the ecological holes left by the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs. This extinction event impacted all groups of mammals, including the multituberculates, one of the longest-lived and most successful clades of Mesozoic and early Cenozoic mammals. The Constenius vertebrate fossil locality is in the lowermost Tullock Member of the Fort Union Formation in Garfield County, northeastern Montana, deposited within the first 28,000 years after the K-Pg mass extinction (66.052-66.028 Ma). Constenius is a very rich but understudied fossil locality that provides a snapshot of the immediate aftermath of the mass extinction. In this study, we used qualitative descriptions partnered with linear measurements to identify 44 lower fourth premolars (p4s) to the lowest possible multituberculate taxon. We recognize three genera of multituberculates from Constenius: Cimexomys, Mesodma, and Stygimys. The presence of these multituberculates supports the previous assignment of Constenius to the Pu1 interval zone of the Puercan North American Land Mammal Age (early Paleocene, 66.052-65.820 Ma). Further work on this project will include expanding the dataset to include other multituberculate dental specimens, such as upper premolars, and conducting a geometric morphometric analysis with the lower fourth premolar specimens to further confirm taxonomic identifications.

Birth asphyxia is the inability of a newborn to begin and maintain breathing. Twenty-three percent of neonatal deaths globally are caused by birth asphyxia. Birth asphyxia results in a neurological injury called hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Rapid HIE screening within six hours after birth is crucial to identify neonates at risk. Unfortunately, the diagnostic equipment is impractical for low resource settings because it is costly ($20/test and $5,000 for equipment) and requires technical staff, that are in short supply, to operate. We hypothesize that a cost-effective device can be developed for HIE analysis. pHast Cam quickly screens for birth asphyxia and HIE in infants via a paper-based blood pH sensor. The device combines an inexpensive pH sensitive dye, a smartphone camera, and a fixture that controls the imaging environment to quickly identify acidosis from samples. A low-cost paper-based strip is made with a water-soluble resin doped with a pH-sensitive dye, bromothymol blue (BTB), and a membrane to filter out red blood cells. The fixture removes lighting variation. The smartphone camera records the pH indicator image, and an algorithm captures, reduces noise, and accesses color change. pHast Cam incorporates four features: 1) accurate assessment of acidity within 0.05 pH units, 2) require only a few microliters of sample, 3) use electrical hardware and software only from the smartphone, and 4) affordability. At this stage, we have achieved a regressive linear model that predicts buffered solution acidity (y=-589.32x+4684.05 R2=0.9857), with 95% confidence interval of 0.04 pH units. In the future, we will transition from measuring buffered solutions to blood-plasma. Ultimately, we expect pHastCam to screen for birth asphyxia, and other acid-base disorders, by quantifying plasma pH in neonates so that timely therapeutic interventions and plans to address long-term complications may occur.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the aging population, characterized pathologically by the presence of amyloid plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. However, AD often coexists with other pathologies contributing to dementia, such as hyperphosphorylated aggregates of the protein TDP-43. TDP-43 induces a dementia syndrome similar to AD and the combination of AD and TDP-43 is associated with accelerated cognitive decline, greater brain atrophy, and increased AD pathologic burden. AD and TDP-43 pathology are definitively diagnosed post-mortem upon neuropathologic examination but there is a great need to be able to identify these pathologies in living patients using biomarkers. Currently there are accepted biomarkers for AD, including measures of amyloid beta and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), but there are no biomarkers for TDP-43. Leveraging the reliability of CSF in detecting pathologic proteins, we hypothesize that measurable hallmarks of underlying TDP-43 pathology also exist in CSF. We tested four groups of brain donors (n=36 per group) defined by presence or absence of AD and TDP-43 pathology at autopsy: healthy controls, AD only (amyloid plaques and tau tangles), TDP-43 only, and AD+TDP-43. Post-mortem CSF samples are analyzed for TDP-43, hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau-181), and the brain injury marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) using the Quanterix SR-XTM Biomarker Detection System. Because these assays are intended for ante-mortem samples, the first aim of the study was to determine optimal sample preparation for post-mortem samples, followed by the second aim to determine if there are concentration differences between proteins in CSF across groups. Successful identification of reliable TDP-43 biomarkers in living patients would improve neurodegenerative disease diagnostics, enabling accurate underlying pathology diagnosis and facilitating tracking disease progression and treatment response as therapies for AD, TDP-43, and other causes of dementia emerge.