The expression of prosocial behavior holds significance across various species, and its disruption stands out as a characteristic symptom in numerous neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism, schizophrenia, and depression. Neuronal activity in the nucleus accumbens, particularly modulated by the neurotransmitter- dopamine, plays a pivotal role in regulating reward-motivated behavior towards both food and social interaction. Although the influence of dopamine on social behavior is extensively researched, there exists a notable gap in our understanding of neuronal activity within the nucleus accumbens during social interactions. In this study, a viral vector was employed to induce the expression of a genetically encoded fluorescent calcium sensor, coupled with mini-scope imaging, to observe calcium dynamics in the nucleus accumbens. The recording of calcium dynamics occurred during an operant task where an experimental mouse pressed a lever to interact with a social partner or in separate sessions to receive a food reward. Our investigation revealed distinct subpopulations of neurons within the striatum that specifically encode food reward, as opposed to other discrete cues or actions associated with the task. The insights gained from this research contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of how signals related to general reward-motivated behavior and prosocial behavior may contribute to disruptions observed in social behavior, particularly in disorders characterized by impaired prosocial behavior.

 The locus coeruleus (LC), a nucleus in the pons of the brainstem, is the primary source of norepinephrine (NE) in the brain and is responsible for regulating arousal and stress responses. The LC also has roles in pain, avoidance and reinforcement learning, exploration, and feeding. How LC neurons are mediated to generate these distinct responses has yet to be defined. One area of interest is the peri-LC, which sends local GABAergic projections to the LC and is thought to modulate physiological arousal through direct inhibition of the LC. The peri-LC is composed of various populations of GABAergic neurons that may contribute to the inhibition of the LC. We were interested in exploring the role of neurokinin1/substance P, nociception, and enkephalin GABAergic neurons. Using vGAT-cre, Tac1-cre, Noci-cre, and Penk-cre mice strains, we injected an excitatory DREADD into the peri-LC to be able to activate genetically defined neural subpopulations within the peri-LC. I ran the mice through open field and elevated zero maze testing to assess anxiety levels. The activation of all peri-LC^GABA neurons led to a decrease in anxiety-like behavior, which is consistent with an inhibition of the LC and a decrease in LC^NE release. In contrast, the activation of peri-LC^Tac1 neurons increased anxiety-like behavior, while the activation of peri-LC^Noci and peri-LC^Penk neurons had no behavioral effect in these assays. Together, these results suggest that the different peri-LC^GABA subpopulations likely represent distinct nodes that differentially integrate novel stimuli to influence distinct behaviors. Understanding how the peri-LC regulates LC function can give insight into the neurobiological basis of arousal and stress-related disorders, which informs our understanding of neuropsychiatric pathologies.

The Joint Commission, overseeing U.S. healthcare organizations, advocates screening for suicide risk among medical populations with comorbid suicide risk factors, including behavioral health conditions. Universal screening programs reduce disparities in accessing healthcare services by offering a standardized protocol for all patients. This study takes place at an urban level 1 trauma center and safety net hospital, serving a patient population known to be at greater risk of suicide than the general population. Therefore, all patients receiving acute medical care (emergency or inpatient) at the hospital undergo standardized screening by bedside nurses. For high-risk patients, nurses ensure a safe environment, notify the medical team to request in-house psychiatry consultations, and provide suicide prevention and mental health resources upon patient discharge. Low or moderate risk patients may request to see a hospital social worker to be provided with information about resources. This study harnesses data collected through 1-hour focus groups with acute and intensive care nurses who screen patients hospitalized for medical, surgical, or traumatic injury reasons. These focus groups, conducted between January and March of 2023, included 22 nurses (90% female, 73% White). Transcript summaries of these sessions were coded by our interdisciplinary team. Through this data, we aim to identify barriers to implementing the screening protocol that could impede access to screening and subsequent psychiatric consultation or other services for patients at risk of suicide. These barriers could reduce the effectiveness of universal screening initiatives in reducing health disparities. We utilized the Capability-Opportunity-Motivation Behavior (COM-B) model of behavior to thematically code the data, assessing barriers as they pertain to capabilities (e.g., knowledge, skills) and motivations (e.g., attitudes, expectations) of nurses, patients, and other healthcare workers, as well as opportunity constraints in the hospital environment. We will summarize findings from the qualitative coding and highlight health equity implications of observed themes.

American military Veterans with a history of trauma exposure have a high prevalence of comorbid mental health diagnoses (e.g., traumatic brain injury (TBI), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), substance use disorder (SUD)) with many overlapping symptoms, resulting in difficulty in diagnosis and treatment matching. Increasing attention has focused on understanding how the direct interactions between these medical and psychiatric diagnoses vary across military subgroups. Critically, current research lacks the usage of larger datasets encompassing wide arrays of interactions between these comorbidities and their unique relationships to disproportionately prevalent diagnoses such as TBI and PTSD. This study aims to investigate the interaction between TBI severity and psychiatric outcomes as well as explore these interactions using a comprehensive network analysis of prevalent psychiatric comorbidities. Data was obtained from Veterans serving in Iraq and Afghanistan who received VA healthcare in clinical visits between 2005-2019 and the United States Veterans Eligibility Trends and Statistics database (USVETS). Veterans will be stratified by TBI severity ranging from 1 (low severity) to 5 (high severity) using Comprehensive TBI Evaluation (CTBIE) and Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) scores. Incidence of all prevalent psychiatric comorbidities will then be calculated for each TBI category to determine the individual relationships between TBI and its comorbidities. This analysis will be followed by a network analysis of co-occurring psychiatric diagnoses to determine their associations in prevalence with one another. In doing so, we hope to create a more nuanced understanding of the mechanisms behind TBI and its psychiatric comorbidities to improve the physical and mental wellbeing of US Servicemembers.

Elementary school educators are primary influences on children’s development by helping shape their behavior with peers and in the classroom. Employees in education are deferred to by their newer coworkers regarding student interactions and set precedents for students’ school environment. New and seasoned educators’ disciplinary practices greatly vary when addressing students exhibiting problematic behaviors which may differently affect student-instructor relationships. I use an existing dataset from a larger study testing the impact of a novel implementation strategy on the implementation of a universal social, emotional, and behavioral program in nine elementary schools from one district. Educator participants in this study completed a survey battery when starting and ending the school year and the district provided quarterly discipline records via a universal prevention program. The findings identify trends in student disciplinary actions between new (<5 yrs) and experienced (>5 yrs) instructors. Understanding the relationship between teacher tenure and the treatment of student misbehavior is crucial to demystifying the manifestation of poor student enrichment and hostile student-instructor relationships. These findings could suggest how differential disciplinary practices by educators based on their years of experience influence student learning.

Drug use has been stigmatized for more than 140 years. This stigma has influenced public policy, school curriculum, and treatment for drug addiction. Additionally, the US has a historical pattern of shaming and excluding people who use drugs, which is especially concerning as opioid overdose death rates have risen every year. This research aims to analyze this historical, morally centered stigma and its effects on people who use drugs, while exploring the role of epigenetics (i.e., gene expression changes) in opioid addiction and opioid addiction treatment. This Literature Review examined textbooks, journal articles, blog posts, book sections, and government websites. This review analyzes historical timelines relating to societal stigma, public policy, and addiction treatment, as well as how the epigenetic mechanisms of opioids relate to those of popular opioid addiction treatments. This research indicates that how popular treatments alter the gene expression changes seen in opioid addiction is unclear due to a lack of research in this area. My analysis of historical timelines shows that the “maintenance” model of treatment, seen with methadone and buprenorphine today, was created approximately 50 years before discoveries that shaped the science of modern epigenetics. Thus, today’s leading treatments were incapable of considering the role of epigenetics in opioid addiction during their development because they were introduced before the science was fully developed. This research suggests a possibility for future use of precision medicine methods for gene editing, like CRISPR-Cas9, as a treatment modality for drug addiction. This analysis also points towards a role of epigenetics in psychiatric conditions like Borderline Personality Disorder and altering gene expression changes associated with successful psychotherapy treatment, suggesting a possibility of precision medicine in a mental health setting as well.

Universal social, emotional, and behavioral interventions (SEBIs) have been shown to have positive impacts on prosocial behavior in students. When teachers implement SEBIs, their openness to adopt an intervention is an important factor that affects intended student outcomes. Research has shown that a teacher’s openness to SEBIs improves the effectiveness in positively influencing student behavior, which in turn improves student outcomes. This study will investigate the relation between teacher openness towards SEBIs and positive and negative student behaviors. We will conduct a cross-sectional analysis from a survey taken by teachers two weeks after receiving training on an evidence-based intervention. We anticipate that there will be a positive correlation between teacher openness and positive student behaviors. It is vital to understand the connection between teacher openness towards the adoption and implementation of SEBIs and the behavioral outcomes of students as it helps optimize information about how to best support students.

Teachers play an integral part in a child's development as they are responsible for educating youth. Since COVID-19, schools are reporting rising rates of teacher burnout (52%) and students exhibiting problematic behaviors (e.g., disruptions [59%], disrespectful [52%], rowdiness [49%]). Disruptive classroom behaviors hinder the ability of teachers to adequately implement curriculum which results in a variety of disciplinary actions administered. My research analyzes the correlation between elementary school teachers' burnout rate and disciplinary actions taken. My data comes from a larger study that examined the implementation of a preventative social-emotional behavioral program in nine different schools. Teachers completed an online survey distributed in the middle of the academic year, including a measure on burnout, and the district provided systematically obtained disciplinary records (i.e., September to December) upon completion of the study. Preliminary analysis is ongoing to examine the relationship between teacher burnout and disciplinary actions recorded. This can be a first step towards improving teachers' professional well-being and creating a more prosocial classroom environment for student growth.

Substance use disorder (SUD) takes a tremendous toll on human life every year, which makes understanding the underlying neural circuitry behind SUD a very high priority. A key neurotransmitter in the discussion surrounding SUD is dopamine, which has been implicated in mediating reward-seeking and motivational behavior. More specifically, these behaviors are believed to be mediated by the dopaminergic projection from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Using contemporary technologies like fiber photometry paired with dopamine biosensors, live dopamine dynamics can be viewed in real time and aligned to certain behavior events collected during tasks performed by animals to further understand dopamine dynamics relating to SUD. With this in mind, we injected a cohort of male and female Wistar rats with a viral vector containing the dopamine biosensor dLight, which fluoresces when bound to dopamine, into the NAc and implanted fiber optic cannulas directly above the injection site to monitor the transmission of dopamine in real time during drug consumption. From there, we ran the cohort through a drug self administration cycle consisting of a training period, short access sessions to establish baseline drug consumption (1hr), and finally long access sessions (6hr) which is known to produce escalation of drug consumption, an SUD-like phenotype. Dopamine dynamics were recorded during several time points across this task. We then performed data analysis to assess various relationships between the behavioral and photometry data, along with immunohistochemistry to confirm the injection. Understanding the dopamine dynamics underlying drug consumption and how they change across changing behavior, such as escalation of drug consumption, is essential to building our understanding of SUD, and our current research helps to illuminate the inner workings of that relationship.

Dopamine (DA) producing neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the midbrain regulate reward association learning and motivation. These DA neurons are modulated by neuropeptides and can be separated into distinct subpopulations based on differential gene expression, regulation of activity, and projection patterns. But how these different patterns are established and contribute to distinct functions of DA subpopulations remain poorly understood. One potential key component for these neuropeptides is the transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels. Specifically, we identified the gene encoding TRPC type 6 channel (Trpc6) as having enriched expression in the VTA DA neurons. To determine whether Trpc6 is differentially expressed in VTA DA subpopulations, I utilized the quantitative, multiplexed in situ hybridization methods. Using wild-type mice, I probed for the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (Th), a marker of all DA neurons, and Trpc6 as well as markers of two subpopulations, corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (Crhr1) and cholecystokinin (Cck). The analysis showed that Trpc6 expression is significantly higher in the Crhr1 subpopulation, of 81%, than in the Cck subpopulation, of 66%. Because neuropeptides like neurotensin increase calcium concentration in DA neurons, we hypothesized that TRPC6 contributes to these neuropeptide-evoked calcium signals. To investigate the role of TRPC6 in DA signaling, I used a viral-based CRISPR/Cas9 approach to induce selective mutagenesis of TRPC6 in specific DA subpopulations. Then, I assessed the calcium responses of subpopulations to neurotensin by measuring the amplitude and neurotensin-evoked oscillations using acute brain slices. We expect the calcium responses to decrease more in the Crhr1 subpopulation than in the Cck subpopulation compared to the control as the Crhr1 population has higher Trpc6 expression. By elucidating the role of TRPC6, we hope to contribute to discovering pharmacological interventions for diseases caused by dopaminergic system dysfunctions such as Parkinson’s disease and substance use disorders.

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a key region in the brain’s mesolimbic circuitry playing a role in regulating reward processing, aversion, motivation, and stress-related behaviors, housing both dopamine (DA) and GABA-expressing neurons. GABA neurons in the VTA form direct connections with DA neurons, modulating dopamine and influencing reward-related behaviors. This study aims to characterize two distinct VTA GABA populations marked by expression of the nociceptin gene (Pnoc) and corticotropin-releasing hormone binding protein (Crhbp). Using double transgenic mice and viral targeting, we aim to map the projection patterns of these two populations. We anticipate that Crhbp-GABA expressing populations will innervate the Ventral Pallidum and Lateral Habenula brain areas as these neurons also coexpress Vglut2, a marker for glutamate neurons which are known to project to these regions, whereas, Pnoc-GABA expressing populations might represent the local GABA population that synapses onto DA neurons within the VTA. To assess their functional role, we will optically activate these populations during a real-time place preference task (RTPT) using channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2). We hypothesize that activation of Pnoc-GABA neurons will result in a negative valence response and support real time place aversion. On the other hand, Crhbp-GABA neurons may have a more varied effect on valence response, based on their coexpression of Vglut2, during the RTPP task. By understanding the roles of VTA GABAergic populations marked by Pnoc and Crhbp expression, we can gain insights into the neural mechanisms involved in reward processing, motivation, and stress, often dysregulated in psychiatric disorders. This understanding could ultimately inform the development of targeted therapeutic interventions for psychiatric conditions characterized by maladaptive behavioral responses to stress and other stimuli.

Consumption of highly reinforcing drugs, such as cocaine, can result in an escalation of drug consumption. Escalation is related to the most severe consequences associated with substance use disorder (SUD), including overdose. Chronic substance use leads to neurobiological changes including the signaling of the stress-related peptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). Previous work has implicated CRF dysregulation in alcohol, psychostimulant, nicotine, and opioid dependence. CRF release in extrahypothalamic regions contributes to anxiety-like symptoms of withdrawal that can motivate individuals to consume drugs. There is limited evidence addressing whether CRF receptor (CRFR) activation alters cocaine consumption in individuals who have escalated their cocaine consumption. Additionally, the majority of the previous work has primarily been conducted in male subjects. The present study examines the underlying neurobiology of escalated cocaine consumption in male and female rats. Wistar rats were trained on long access (6hr) cocaine self-administration paradigm in which a subset demonstrated an escalation in their cocaine consumption. At the end of this paradigm, rats were subject to systemic administration of one of two CRFR1 antagonists, antalarmin (25mg/kg, i.p.) or N,N-bis(2-methoxyethyl)-3-(4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-2,5-dimethyl-pyrazolo[1,5a]pyrimidin-7-amine (MPZP; 10 and 27.5 mg/kg, s.c.). I hypothesize, following previous work, that antalarmin and MPZP will both significantly reduce escalated cocaine consumption in rats classified as escalators but not non-escalators. These results would indicate that CRFR1 activation mediates escalated cocaine consumption in both male and female rats and may be a valuable target of clinical investigation into the neurobiological underpinnings of this dangerous facet of SUDs.

Prosocial behavior is important to many species and its disruption is a hallmark symptom of many diseases and disorders such as autism. Previous research has shown that the mesostriatal network, which consists in part of neurons located in the midbrain that make the neurotransmitter dopamine and release it downstream in the nucleus accumbens, plays an important role in prosocial behavior. Dopamine neurons express the potassium ion channel Kv7.3 and mutant variants of Kv7.3 have been identified in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here we investigate how the Kv7.3-R2C variant found in ASD patients impacts social behavior and dopamine release in mice. We use viral strategies to express human Kv7.3-R2C in mouse dopamine neurons and a genetically encoded dopamine sensor (dLight1.3) in the nucleus accumbens during a social operant task. We found that while Kv7.3-R2C expression decreased social reward in an operant task rewarded with social behavior, dopamine release was similar between groups. Findings from this study help improve our understanding of how deficits in the mesostriatal pathway may lead to decreased social interaction in patients with ASD.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition affecting approximately 1% of the world population. Characterized by impaired social interactions, the precise etiology of ASD remains elusive, but emerging research suggests deficits in the mesostriatal pathway may contribute to deficits in social reward processing. In order to better understand the role of the mesostriatal pathway in social reward processing, I performed in vivo microscopy coupled with viral delivery of genetically encoded fluorescent sensors to record nucleus accumbens (NAc) neuronal ensemble activity during an operant task in which mice were trained to press a lever in order to gain access to a social partner mouse. I found distinct populations of neurons that were more active or less active during the social reward task at discrete time points. Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms involved in social reward may pave the way for novel medications and treatments for ASD.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurological disorder that affects social and behavioral development. Although there are no known biological markers of ASD, low birth weight and presence of an older sibling with an ASD diagnosis have been identified as elevating risk for ASD, such that between 7 to 15% of low-birth-weight infants and 20% of infant siblings will be diagnosed with ASD. One confounds to interpretation of outcome is use of clinician observational measures versus parent reports of behavior. For example, parent and clinician ratings showed strong correlation for motor skills but weak to moderate for communication skills. As altered communication skills are “red-flags'' for autism, understanding the relationship between sources of information is important. This project looks at the concordance between clinician administered and parent completed measures of communication in a longitudinal study of infants at elevated risk for ASD. Fourty-nine participants from an NIH funded longitudinal study of social and nonsocial development from 6 - 36 months were included. Infants were grouped as typical-likelihood for ASD (TL, n=24), or at elevated-risk for ASD, including, low birth weight (ER-LBW, n=17), and infant sibling of children with ASD (ER-Sib, n=8). At 12 and 24 months of age, parents completed the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS), a clinician administered parent interview that includes expressive language (EL) and receptive language (RL); and clinicians completed the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) with the infant to assess EL and RL. We expect ER group to have the highest concordance between parent and clinician report and EL concordance to be higher than RL because it is easier for parents to assess their child’s spoken language compared to language understanding. If parent rating shows high concordance with clinician rating, this could inform the use of lower cost questionnaires for screening and diagnosis.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurological and developmental disorder that affects around 1 in 6 children and 1 in 65 adults in the United States. Autistic individuals experience difficulties in social communication, interaction amongst peers, and language skills; any of the symptoms of ASD cause an influx of other problems that continue into adulthood; these differences may impact self-esteem and feelings of acceptance. Previous research has shown that a history of mental health concerns is related to worse Quality of Life (QoL) in individuals with autism as they transition into adulthood. This project aims to examine mental health comorbidities and self-reported QoL in adults with autism. 44 autistic adults from the NIH funded study on sex differences in autism were included. Participants completed a self history of current mental health diagnosis (anxiety, depression, OCD, ADHD etc.) and self reported QoL. Participants were grouped into 3 groups based on diagnosis: 1 (no diagnosis), 2 (1 diagnosis), and 3 (2+ diagnosis). QoL scores for each group will be calculated from the World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Scale (WHOQOL-BREF). I predict that individuals with more comorbid mental health diagnoses will have lower QoL scores. These data will inform us of how additional mental health struggles may impact quality of life in individuals with autism.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that is characterized by difficulty in social cognition, communication, and behavior. Social cognition refers to mental processes related to how individuals perceive, process, and respond to social information. Elpers and Coyle (2021) found that there is a correlation between social cognition and general intelligence for adults with ASD. However, there is limited research on this relationship in younger age groups and for individuals without ASD. The goal of this study is to replicate the findings from Elpers and Coyle (2021) examining the relationship between social cognition and the intelligence quotient (IQ) in adolescents and young adults with and without autism. 193 participants (ASD = 96) from the NIH funded study on sex differences in autism were included in the sample. To measure social cognition, participants completed the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET), a 36-item assessment measuring Theory of Mind or the individual's ability to recognize that others may have different mental states. Participants also completed the differential ability scale (DAS-2) as a measure of verbal IQ. We expect positive correlations for RMET scores and verbal score, in that as RMET scores increase, verbal IQ scores will also increase for adolescents and young adults with and without ASD. We will also explore how age impacts the scores, as we expect older children and young adults to have more verbal skills, hence performing better on the RMET measure. The results of this study will contribute to our understanding of the relationship between social cognition and intelligence from adolescents and young adults to the existing data that has been previously gathered. 

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) impacts many different aspects of the individual’s functioning, especially cognitive and social functioning. Previous research has found that social pragmatic problems were positively associated with problems with inhibition and emotional control. Additionally, research has shown a relationship between greater executive function challenges and more social challenges among 6-12 year old children, however, no significant sex differences were found between executive functioning (EF) and social challenges. This study leveraged a large sample of sex matched adolescents with and without autism to investigate the relationship between executive functioning and social functioning. 318 participants (ASD =163), ages 8-17 from the NIH funded multisite study on sex differences in autism were included. Parents of participants completed the Brief Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), a 86-item questionnaire with eleven sub-scales that measures executive functioning ability. Parents also completed the Social Responsiveness Scale -2 (SRS-2), a 65-item questionnaire with five sub-scales that measures autistic traits. Correlations within ASD and TD groups will be conducted between BRIEF EF subdomains and SRS social communication index. In addition, sex differences will be analyzed for BRIEF and SRS scores within each diagnostic group. We expect that the ASD group will have elevated scores on BRIEF and SRS compared to the TD group, consistent with greater executive functioning challenges and more autistic social traits. Within the ASD group, greater executive functioning difficulties will be related to more autistic social behaviors. This research can help understand more about the variability between EF and social functioning in individuals with autism.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex developmental condition that can affect an individual’s ability to communicate and interact with others. While individuals with ASD can perceive facial structures, they may struggle with remembering and recognizing faces. There is extensive evidence that individuals with ASD atypically process and perceive faces, which can directly impact their ability to understand complex social situations. In this study, we aim to investigate the relationship between facial memory and social responsiveness in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and those that are typically developing (TD). Participants included 399 children (ASD = 280), aged 6-11 from the Autism Biomarkers Consortium Clinical Trials (ABC-CT) study. Clinicians administered the NEPSY subtests for Memory for Faces delayed and Memory for Faces to measure facial memory, and parents completed the Social Responsiveness Scale-Second Edition (SRS-2), 65 question survey measuring social responsiveness. Correlations will be run for NEPSY scores (facial memory) and SRS-2 scores for both ASD and TD groups. We expect the ASD group to score lower on the NEPSY subtests (Memory for Faces and Memory for Faces Delayed) and on the SRS-2 than TD group, and that there will be a negative correlation between facial memory and social responsiveness scores in both groups based on previous research that has shown that children and adolescents with ASD have difficulties in recognizing and remembering faces, and that these difficulties are related to their social impairments. Facial memory impairments play a vital role in the social challenges faced by individuals with ASD, and that interventions aimed at enhancing facial memory skills may have beneficial effects on social functioning for autistic individuals.

Sensory processing is a process in which the nervous system receives, processes, and integrates incoming sensory input from the environment to allow individuals to perceive and respond to their surroundings. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social and behavioral skills. Many individuals with ASD experience hypersensitivity to sensory stimuli, thus individuals with ASD may experience more difficulty when navigating the world around us. These sensory challenges may result in increased anxiety symptoms. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between sensory processing and anxiety in autistic and typically developing (TD) adults. 256 participants (ASD = 149) ages 18-35 from a NIH funded study on sex differences in autism were included. Participants completed two self-report questionnaires: “Sensory Processing 3-Dimensions Scale” (SP3D) measuring sensory processing difficulties in auditory, visual, and tactile domains, and the “Screen for Adult Anxiety Related Disorders'' (SCAARED), measuring the intensity or frequency of anxiety symptoms and assessing four factors of anxiety (panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, and social phobis disorder). Correlations will be used to compare SP3D scores and SCAARED scores. Given the hypersensitivity to sensory stimuli in ASD, we hypothesize the effects of anxiety symptoms will be increased in the ASD group who experience more domains of hypersensitivity. The results of this study will contribute to a greater understanding of the effect sensory sensitivity has on anxiety in adults with ASD.

In this study, I investigated distinctive electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns associated with processing social and nonsocial information in both typically developing individuals and those with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). A total of 139 youth and young adults aged 10-24 years participated, including 63 individuals with ASD (23 females, 40 males, mean age = 17.57) and 76 typically developing youth (35 females, 41 males, mean age = 17.47). Data collection occurred across four sites as part of the multisite ACE Network GENDAAR Wave 2 study (R01 MH10028, Pelphrey). EEG data were collected using a 128-channel Geodesic sensor net, concurrently capturing live social and nonsocial attention responses. During the social condition, participants viewed videos featuring social stimuli (vignettes of women telling or singing nursery rhymes), while during the nonsocial condition, they viewed videos of objects (dynamic toys). Additionally, all participants underwent assessment using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-2 (VABS-2). I calculated power spectral density (PSD) values for 8 channels based on the 10-20 system across various frequency bands, and performed analysis using this data. The results indicated a main effect of condition (social vs. nonsocial) at several frequency bands and electrodes. Furthermore, a main effect of the group revealed higher alpha power in typically developing individuals compared to those with ASD. Notably, no significant relationships were observed between Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-2 (VABS-2) subscores and neural responses. This study highlights a difference in neural activity during attention to social vs. nonsocial information in both groups of participants and underscores the importance of understanding these neural correlates in individuals with ASD.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by distinct social-communication differences and restricted and repetitive behaviors. There is heterogeneity in the presentation of social functioning in autistic individuals, which may be attributed to sleep quality, alexithymia, and anxiety. Insomnia, prevalent in autistic children, was linked to higher levels of autistic traits, specifically, difficulties in social skills and relationship formation. Alexithymia, difficulty in describing and identifying emotions, has been reported in 55% of autistic youth. Anxiety severity, specifically social anxiety, is also negatively correlated with social functioning for autistic youth. This study aims to investigate the relation between sleep quality, alexithymia, and anxiety to social functioning in autistic adults. In a sample of 131 adults (ages 18-26, 51% female), we conducted a multiple regression analysis, with social skills as the dependent variable and sleep quality, alexithymia, and anxiety as the independent predictor variables. Sleep quality was measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire, alexithymia with the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), anxiety with the Adult Behavior Checklist - Self Report (ASR), and social functioning with the Social Responsiveness Scale, 2nd Edition (SRS-2). We hypothesize that sleep quality, alexithymia, and anxiety will each independently impact social functioning. This study contributes to the understanding of factors that influence heterogeneity in social functioning amongst autistic adults. Findings on predictors of social impairment may inform targeted interventions for and benefit the lives of autistic adults.

Children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), often experience co-occurring language impairments, including grammatical and lexical difficulties. Word segmentation, or the ability to identify word boundaries in continuous speech, is done through statistical learning and identification of speech cues. Recent studies in typically developing infants have shown a linear relationship between the ability to recognize words from continuous speech and the size of an individual's lexicon. The neural activity of the cerebral cortex, specifically the delta frequency band (1-4 Hz), contains the time scale of words and phrases. The delta band was found to track speech rhythm, along with semantic dissimilarity between successive words. Extracting acoustic features from sound signals and their linguistic representations (syllables, words, and phrases) is essential for speech comprehension. This study aims to look at the relationship between delta power recorded via scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) and communication skills in children with and without ASD. 193 participants (ASD = 96) from the NIH study on sex differences in autism were included in the sample. EEG recordings were collected while participants listened to phonemes that were statistically presented to result in 4 learned nonsense words. Parents completed a semi-structured interview on their child’s communication skills. EEG delta power was calculated over frontal, central and posterior regions of interest (ROIs). We expect children with ASD (compared to typically developing children) to have decreased delta power during nonsense word perception and lower delta power will be related to lower communication ability. This study will provide insight into the relation between neural perception of language and verbal communication in children with ASD.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects social and behavioral development. Although autism is most associated with social difficulties, it is also correlated with issues such as sleep disturbances. Previous literature suggests that 50-80% of autistic individuals experience sleep difficulties. One common feature of autism is differences in sensory processing compared to typically developing (TD) individuals. These differences may result in behaviors that are detrimental to sleep habits. This project aims to identify the relationship between sensory processing and sleep quality in autistic and TD adults and to identify a type of sensory concern that correlates to increased sleep disturbance. 150 participants (ASD = 94) ages 18-25 from the (National Institutes of Health) NIH funded multisite study on sex differences in autism were used in the analysis. Participants completed self-reports on sensory systems using the Sensory Profile, and on sleep quality using the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The Sensory Profile scores participants among 4 quadrants: low registration, sensation seeking, sensory sensitivity, and sensation avoiding. The scores reflect the participants sensory systems compared to their age range separated into five groups. The PSQI takes participant responses and assigns a score with “0” being no difficulty and “3” being severe difficulty across 7 components of sleep. Component scores are then summed for a global score. A t-test will be performed to compare the mean global PSQI score for the five groups across each quadrant on the Sensory Profile and for autistic and non-autistic populations. We expect to see higher mean global PSQI scores for those with autism and for those with higher Sensory profile scores within the ASD population. Increased differences in sensory processing in autistic individuals is important to investigate because studies have shown that filtering out sensory input is key to falling and remaining asleep which leads to improved quality of life.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social communication and interaction, and restricted or repetitive patterns of behavior or interests. ASD is associated with features beyond its core characteristics, including alexithymia and anxiety. Alexithymia is characterized by difficulty recognizing and describing one’s own emotions, it influences physical and mental health, and it is associated with symptoms of anxiety. Despite current research demonstrating the correlation between alexithymia and anxiety in both ASD and the general population, there remains a significant research gap in how alexithymia and autism traits individually and collectively influence anxiety levels among the participants. This study has two aims: 1) To explore the relationship between alexithymia and anxiety in participants with ASD and TD. 2) To analyze the role of alexithymia as a mediator of the relationship between autism traits and anxiety in adolescents and young adults. This sample includes 149 participants (93 ASD) ages 15-34, from the NIH funded study on sex differences in autism. Measures included alexithymia via the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), anxiety via the Screen for Adult Anxiety Related Disorders (SCAARED), and autism traits via the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS-2). We will first conduct regression analyses to examine the relationships between alexithymia, anxiety, and autism traits. Then, we will employ Preacher and Hayes’ INDIRECT Method to investigate the mediating role of alexithymia in the relationship between autism traits and anxiety. We expect to see a significant relationship between alexithymia and anxiety in both groups and the relationship between alexithymia and anxiety in the ASD group to be significantly different than TD group. Understanding the relationship between anxiety and alexithymia could aid in the development or improvement of interventions for anxiety in people with ASD.

Chimeric Antigen Receptor T (CAR T) Cells are receptor proteins that can be modified to allow T cells to target specific antigens. CAR T therapy has shown promise in preclinical experiments in patients with solid tumors, such as glioblastoma, however limitations in distribution of CAR T cells in the brain limit the effectiveness of this treatment. Most commonly, CAR T cells are administered intraventricularly through a surgically implanted device and allowed to diffuse throughout the cerebrospinal fluid filled cavities and pathways to reach the tumor. However, there is little evidence supporting the effectiveness of current methods of administration, potentially due to a lack of target engagement. We hypothesize that the glymphatic system of the brain could be used to optimize delivery of CAR T cells to solid tumors. The glymphatic system is a network of perivascular pathways that facilitates the anatomically distinct movement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the interstitium of the brain, helps distribute solutes such as glucose, lipids, and neurotransmitters, and serves as a solute clearance system in the brain. Physiologically, glymphatic function is mediated by different factors such as arterial pulsation, vasomotion, and heart rate – which can be manipulated with anesthetics, pharmaceuticals, or even sleep. We proposed exploration of the difference in parenchymal distribution of CAR T cells when injected in the cisterna magna versus intraventricularly in mice. Non-tumor bearing mice were injected via the cisterna magna or intraventricularly with fluorescently labelled CAR T cells. We observed that at 1-, 4-, and 24-hours post-injection, CAR T cells were localized in the sub-ventricular regions similarly, regardless of injection site. In follow-up experiments, we will employ the same technique in tumor bearing mice, with and without pharmacological intervention to define the effect of glymphatic function on distribution and effectiveness of CAR T cells.

Housing First (HF) is low-barrier, permanent supportive housing for individuals experiencing homelessness without the prerequisites of attaining abstinence. Past research shows that in-person harm reduction treatment for alcohol (HaRT-A) within HF facilities are preferred because they focus on client-centered goals and improving quality of life. Unfortunately, COVID-19 caused significant disruptions to in-person service provision, and although they requested remote alternatives, currently no services or best practices for HF residents exist. This ongoing project is adapting HaRT-A into a digital platform (eHaRT-A), which when completed, will be tested among HF residents with alcohol use disorder. Our project aims to examine barriers to technology use among HF residents through user-centered design (UCD) principles to improve the acceptability of eHaRT-A. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with HF residents (n=31) discussing technology literacy, viewpoints on technology use, and HaRT-A. Findings highlighted that only a few residents are comfortable enough to use technology on their own; thus, eHaRT-A will be better implemented as a “telehealth station” that is set up in a “somewhat common,” “but still private” environment. Some residents (n=10) were recruited as consultants on the Community Advisory Board (CAB) to provide ongoing input on the eHaRT-A platform. Over a one-year period, UCD interviews on low- and high-fidelity prototypes were conducted with the CAB to inform iterative changes made to the eHaRT-A platform. Within our team, I took this feedback and adjusted HTML and JavaScript code to reflect what is preferred. Feedback included a preference for a “whimsical” theme, presenting personalized feedback through line graphs to show change over time, and interpolating reported outcome measures (e.g., substance use frequency/related-consequences). These findings offer insight into best practices for implementing eHaRT-A within HF facilities. This project serves as a foundation for future eHaRT-A phases and provides the necessary tools to integrate digitized healthcare for underserved communities.

Current research on substance use suggests a positive correlation between emotion dysregulation and cannabis misuse or cannabis use disorders (CUD). This study aims to identify which specific facets of emotion dysregulation increase CUD symptom severity. While previous studies using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) have linked overall composite scores of emotion dysregulation to CUD, there is a gap in the understanding of how individual DERS subscales relate to CUD, which limits our ability to develop targeted interventions. Young adults (N=68, Mage=23.7 years, SD=3.05, 54.4% female, 63.2% White) who reported using cannabis 2-3x/week or more in the past month completed measures of emotion dysregulation (DERS) and CUD (Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test; CUDIT). To test associations between the 6 DERS subscales and CUDIT total score, we will first conduct bivariate correlations. If significant associations are found, we will conduct a multiple linear regression model to test which subscales best predict CUDIT total score. We hypothesize a moderate-to-strong correlation between the DERS and CUDIT scores, with Nonacceptance and Impulse control demonstrating stronger correlations. We also hypothesize that Nonacceptance and Impulse control subscales will most strongly predict CUDIT total scores. Results from the present study could help identify which of the emotion dysregulation subtypes should be targeted in future prevention and intervention efforts for young adults. If these findings are supported, additional efforts may want to teach skills to increase acceptance of emotional responses and improve impulse control. The proposed study is an important step in the treatment of cannabis misuse and CUDs as we will be able to narrow our aim toward isolated treatments to improve the livelihood of those involved.