Culturally competent interventions are essential to recruiting and retaining ethnic minority populations. Latino communities are the fastest growing population in the United States. Despite their growing numbers, Latino communities are dramatically underrepresented in clinical trials. As a result, the data from those clinical trials are not representative of the Latino population. There are many factors that make Latino communities very diverse, even amongst themselves. They do not share the same languages, customs, and socioeconomic status. There is a need to investigate the barriers and facilitators of the recruitment of Latinos into research. A survey was developed for Latino families in Oregon. The survey items were informed by a literature search around barriers and facilitators of clinical trial participation for minority and disadvantaged populations. This survey has been translated in both English and Spanish. After finalization of the survey, it was piloted with three representatives from the local community to get qualitative feedback. It will be administered to low-income parents of children enrolled in head-start settings in Oregon over the next five months and expect to have 200 responses. The anticipated results will contribute a better understanding of what commonly impacts recruitment among the Latino families participating in clinical trials and what strategies address those issues. This project can serve as a resource for the wider scientific community that seeks to recruit and study the Latino population for research purposes.

Aging is characterized by the loss of physiological and cellular functionality, however the mechanisms that underlie this deterioration are still unclear. Emerging evidence indicates that aging is associated with increased cell-to-cell variation in gene expression within tissues: homologous cells within tissues start expressing the same gene at varying levels. The causes of this age-related variation of gene expression are not known. Here, we aim to investigate this age-related dissimilarity in gene expression using C. elegans as a model system. We hypothesize that increase of gene expression variation is an early event during aging that may therefore underlie subsequent deterioration of tissues functionality. By characterizing aging in C. elegans, we hope to provide further insight into the molecular characteristics of aging in humans, and possible points of intervention. Previously, we have found that young C. elegans animals exhibit nearly identical stoichiometry of independent genes expression with very little difference between individual animals of the same genetic background. Our initial results support the idea of increased cell-to-cell and animal-to-animal variation of gene expression with age in C. elegans. Here, I use quantitative microscopy to measure animal-to-animal and cell-to-cell variation of genes expression in middle aged C. elegans using fluorescently-tagged proteins and quantitative microscopy. In addition, I use the methodology of molecular cloning and transgenics developed by the Mendenhall lab to create new transgenic strains of C. elegans. These transgenic strains will be also be used for quantitative microscopic analysis. By examining existing strains and developing new ones, I will determine if increase of gene expression variation represents early event in the aging of C. elegans.

Reported human tissue properties and behaviors vary significantly across studies based on the characterization protocols utilized. My undergraduate research at the Center for Research in Education and Simulation Technologies (CREST) aims to address the gap between practitioners in the hospital by developing high-fidelity materials for medical simulation through data analytics. This will allow more accurate research in the field as well as better access to material properties and data. Raw uniaxial and puncture human tissue data is analyzed through MATLAB scripts to quantify human tissue behaviors. The processed data is restructured and transferred into bulk storage databases using Azure SQL servers and SQL databases, enabling cloud access. By utilizing Azure SQL databases, Tableau is used to visualize and manipulate targeted data. The human tissue property database bridges the gap between engineering and medicine. This database will be used to create the next generation of finite element models of the human body to help build virtual reality simulators.

With reduced operating hours and additional pressures, there is a rising importance in the development of an accurate surgical simulation. In order to improve the effectiveness of surgical simulations, there must be an accurate model of the human body that can be used for practice. Although cadaver and animal models are imperative to the training of future and current surgeons, there is a rising ethical interest paving the way towards alternative solutions. My undergraduate research at the Center for Research in Education and Simulation Technologies (CREST) aims to develop an accurate model for adipose tissue in the greater and lesser omentum. We have developed four prototype recipes for simulated adipose tissue using chemically-modified polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composites. In order to evaluate how the prototypes compare to in-vivo and in-situ adipose tissues, we have collected quantitative data through uniaxial tensile, coefficient of friction, and puncture testing in addition to qualitative data collected through conducting surveys of physicians. By utilizing this collection of both quantitative and qualitative data, we have developed an accurate synthetic adipose tissue model.

With their small genomes, fast evolutionary rates, and clinical significance, viruses have long been fodder for studies of whole genome evolution. One common need in these studies is the analysis of viral evolution over time through longitudinal sampling. This analysis is relevant to basic scientists to understand viral evolution in different model systems, to drug manufacturers to understand antiviral resistance development, and to clinical researchers to understand viral evolution within hosts across space and time. However, there exists no simple tool to automate such analyses. We created a simple command-line visualization tool called LAVA (Longitudinal Analysis of Viral Alleles) originally to survey HPIV1 and HPIV2 adaptations to culture. Our hypothesis was that the culturing process selects for mutations in viral entry proteins (hemagglutination-neuraminidase and fusion) that are never seen during growth in humans. Previously done manually, LAVA cut down the workload for analysis of minor allele variants significantly, and furthermore visualized the results to instantly show that the primary regions of HN and F in which many of the mutations took place were different than those found in the previously studied HPIV3. Further development on LAVA allowed it to grow into a critically useful bioinformatics tool in virology. LAVA allows dynamic and interactive visualization of viral evolution across the genome, over time, and within three-dimensional protein structure. Results are easily shared via a single HTML file that also allows interactive analysis based on read depth and allele frequency. LAVA requires minimal input and runs in minutes for most use cases. LAVA is programmed mainly in Python and is compatible with Mac and Linux machines. LAVA is a user-friendly command-line tool for generating, visualizing, and sharing the results of longitudinal viral genome evolution analysis. Instructions for downloading, installing, and using LAVA can be found at https://github.com/michellejlin/lava.

Previous research has found descriptive drinking norms (i.e., how much someone thinks others drink) are associated with increased risky drinking and intentions to drink among college students. However, this research has mostly focused on self-reports of typical drinking, whereas some students report low levels of drinking except on specific high-risk events such as birthdays. This study expands on previous research by examining how descriptive birthday drinking norms moderate the relationship between drinking on a previous birthday and intentions to drink on an upcoming birthday. We hypothesized a positive relationship between previous birthday drinking and intentions to drink that would be more pronounced in students with increased norms. A total of 248 University of Washington students (aged 18-24) who reported at least one heavy episodic drinking event (5+/4+ drinks for Males/Females) and three alcohol-related consequences in the past month were assessed. Participants reported the number of alcoholic beverages they drank on their most recent birthday, how much they intended to drink on their upcoming birthday, and the number of drinks they thought a typical University of Washington student drinks on their birthday. Results from moderated linear regression demonstrated both previous birthday drinking and birthday norms were positively associated with intended birthday drinking (b = 0.477, SE = 0.063, p < 0.001; b = 0.189, SE = 0.054, p = 0.001, respectively). The cross-product of birthday norms and intended birthday drinking also had a significant effect (b = -0.036, SE = 0.013, p = 0.005), such that the effect between previous birthday drinking and intended birthday drinking was strengthened in those with higher norms, supporting our hypothesis. This research contributes to critical literature addressing high-risk alcohol use among students and helps to better understand the role of norms and high-risk drinking events, such as birthdays, in research.

Communication on online platforms has become one of the primary methods by which people communicate with one another. Regardless of conversation space, either online or offline, arguments can arise. Through our research, we are studying the ways in which the design of a platform influences the tenor of a conversation and the factors that lead to fights and reconciliation. We conducted in-depth in-person and phone interviews with 23 adults to understand how arguments arise online, how they end in different circumstances, and received input for possible design ideas. We followed up with the interviewees to gather demographic information about them. Through affinity diagramming, we qualitatively analyzed the 23 interview transcripts to uncover recurring themes, such as the role of time, the stages of an argument, the way people move arguments from public to private spaces, and differences between images and text in sparking arguments. Based on these themes and design suggestions from participants, we made sketches for potential design ideas that can be implemented in social media platforms to encourage constructive discourse. We are planning to use the design sketches to create prototypes to test with participants for iteration, which we will describe in a research paper to share our findings and design ideas broadly.

Many smartphone users engage in compulsive and habitual phone checking which they find frustrating, yet our understanding of how this phenomenon is experienced is limited. We conducted a semi-structured interview, a think-aloud phone use demonstration, and a sketching exercise with 39 smart phone users (ages 14–64) to probe their experiences with compulsive phone checking. Their insights revealed a small taxonomy of common triggers that lead up to instances of compulsive phone use and a second set that end compulsive phone use sessions. Though participants expressed frustration with their lack of self-control, they also reported that the activities they engage in during these sessions can be meaningful, which they defined as transcending the current instance of use. Participants said they periodically refect on their compulsive use and delete apps that drive compulsive checking without providing sufficient meaning. We use these findings to create a descriptive model of the cycle of compulsive checking, and we call on designers to craft experiences that meet users’ definition of meaningfulness rather than creating lock-out mechanisms to help them police their own use.

The physics behind wave-driven mixing of river and ocean waters and current-driven wave breaking are not well understood. The current body of work surrounding river-ocean interactions focuses on large rivers. However, small rivers, which are much more strongly influenced by waves, make up the majority of such systems, and contribute significantly to global riverine discharge. Examining the momentum balance of river flow in opposition to wave-driven forcing from the ocean is necessary to understand how waves influence the travel and mixing of river water. One way to measure this interaction is using instrumental drifting buoys that follow the path of the river water and take temporal measurements of water properties. These leave gaps in our knowledge, as such buoys do not provide a description of the entire system, only specific points. To fill in these gaps, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) footage was used to understand broader wave-current interactions at the Quinault River mouth, a small river that feeds directly into the Pacific Ocean. The town of Taholah, WA, is on its banks, and faces challenges due to wave-driven flooding. The size of the surf zone, the nearshore region where waves break at high frequency, was mapped with UAV footage, and related back to local environmental conditions, such as tidal phase. At low water, the momentum from the river is maximized, and so is the cross-shore extent of the surf zone. This decreases salinity around the river mouth, as freshwater is trapped by the surf zone. At high tide, these conditions are reversed, and fresh water streams can be detected past the surf zone, suggesting the river water has escaped from this region of high turbulence. The conditions under which these escapes occur are to be understood by combining analyses of UAV footage with drifter and tidal data.

Approximately 25% of inpatients in a hospital setting receive a catheter during their stay. This statistic corresponds to a diverse group of practitioners inserting catheters which, if done improperly, can lead to urethral trauma and catheter associated urinary tract infections. My undergraduate research at the Center for Research in Education and Simulation Technologies is aiming to address the gap between practitioners in the hospital by developing a high-fidelity urethral catheter simulator, CREST Sim. Modified elastomeric materials were developed to simulate the male genitourinary anatomy and mechanical behaviors. Quantitative studies between the CREST Sim and LifeForm Male Urethral Simulator were conducted using a uniaxial load cell to measure the force of insertion of a lubricated Bardex catheter. In collaboration with the UWMC OR nursing staff, the integration of CREST Sim in the onboarding training of nurses provided feedback in the form of a survey. Similar insertion forces were observed between CREST Sim and LifeForm Male’s simulator. Preliminary results from the survey have reported positive training responses regarding the state of the CREST Sim. Through our collaboration with UW Willed Body, we will characterize the biomechanical properties from genitourinary tissues of deceased males in-situ. This data, along with more robust survey data, will be integrated into the next generation of CREST Sim.

Membrane trafficking in the eukaryotic cell is a highly controlled and significant process that is related to various inherited disorders and cancers. Among numerous regulatory proteins, Uso1 protein – an essential, long, coiled-coil protein – plays a key role in the tethering process, capturing and pulling the vesicle toward the target membrane. Despite many years of work, the tethering mechanism has not been fully understood. Although several tethering models have been proposed, none of them were tested with Uso1 protein. Hence, to test these models, we engineered a mechanically deficient version of Uso1 protein, which lacks the critical tethering region for functioning. After the protein characterization, in cell survival tests and in test tube tests in chemically defined fusion system have been performed. The failure of the trafficking event, which would support our hypothesis, along with other functional test data, would provide a promising demonstration for the tethering mechanism of the long coiled-coil tether and the role of Uso1 protein.

Anatolia, in modern Turkey, is a complex assemblage of micro-continents that collided during the Late Cretaceous and the Paleogene, 80 to 25 million years ago. Despite the large volume of work on the numerous Anatolian terranes and collisions, basic questions regarding the timing of collision, style of post-collisional deformation and development of topography remain enigmatic. In western Anatolia, the timing and mechanisms of these successive collisions are poorly understood and do not conform with current continent-continent collision models. This project reconstructs the evolution of the collision zone in order to reconstruct the tectonic evolution of western Anatolia and refine models of collisional tectonics. Here, we present new data from the 160-40 million year old sedimentary archives preserved in the Central Sakarya Basin, a sedimentary basin that formed adjacent to the collision zone. Two methods for sedimentary analysis are employed in this research: detrital zircon dating and sandstone petrography. Detrital zircon ages attained through Uranium-Lead dating techniques are compared to known ages from surrounding mountain ranges to determine the source of sediment through time and apply age constraints to stratigraphic layers. Sandstone petrographic analysis examines the composition of samples to determine sedimentary provenance. The evolution of sediment sources through time provides a robust timeline of collision, post-collisional deformation and topographic development. The results from zircon dating and sandstone petrography show an evolution of sediment provenance where the oldest, pre-collisional sediments are derived from an adjacent volcanic chain. The onset of collision, around 60 million years ago, is marked by a change in sediment composition as collision creates topography and fault systems exhume older, buried rock. In constructing a progression of sediment source, this research determines a precise chronology for the collision and post-collisional evolution of western Anatolia and contributes to modifying current models on collisional margins.

Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is associated with adverse health effects including asthma, cardiopulmonary diseases, and lung cancer. These adverse health effects are responsible for the premature death of 7 million people worldwide each year. To reduce the consequences of air pollution, real-time individual exposure data is essential for health risk assessment and tailored intervention strategies. Portability and cost are significant barriers for consistent and personalized tracking. Unfortunately, the only accurate data regarding levels and types of air pollutants come from static monitoring stations that do not allow personalized analysis. Aero-Spec was developed to provide real-time analysis of air quality particles while also delivering a compact and low-cost approach. It is a wearable exposure monitor that combines real-time measurements of PM using an optical particle sizer (OPS). The OPS sensor allows for individual particle sizing and error reduction associated with the particles’ optical properties. Personal PM exposure data is provided to the user through a smartphone application such that intervention actions could be triggered given the detection of poor air quality. For personalized analysis, indoor localization is used over the global positioning system (GPS) for a more accurate and localized diagnosis. Aero-Spec utilizes this network technology to track the wearable sensors and report back localized air particle data. In conclusion, using a portable and low-cost approach to real-time air particle analysis, Aero-Spec delivers an effective and personalized solution for air quality monitoring. Recently, in a movement to monitor their employees’ exposure to particle data in real-time, Boeing has collaborated with the Sensors, Energy, and Automation Laboratory (SEAL) for further research.

My research project involves the AP-3 (adaptor protein) complex, which plays a key role in membrane trafficking cells. Within all eukaryotic cells, there are membrane-bound sections of the cell that interact with each other in various ways to drive the cell's function. Vesicles mediate the transport of proteins and lipids among cellular organelles. These vesicles are created in various ways by proteins throughout the cell that form a "coat" around the vesicle as it travels to its destination. AP-3 is a protein complex that mediates vesicular transport from the Golgi apparatus to the lysosome. The current aim of my project is to analyze evolutionarily conserved features of the AP-3 complex by mutating subunits of the complex and observing resultant phenotypes in our model organism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s yeast). In doing so, we utilize a gene reporter system called GNSI to analyze AP-3 function in different genetic strains. This reporter system is mainly analyzed through a colorimetric assay (chemical test to determine components), using qualitative observations of the intensity of colored halos around yeast colonies on a gel plate. We also use fluorescence microscopy by using signals from the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) to determine whether AP-3 was successful in trafficking to the lysosomal vacuole. So far, our results have shown that targeted truncations of proteins within the AP-3 subunit Apl6 yielded loss of function in trafficking. We are continuing our analyses by focusing on other proteins within AP-3. These basic studies will further our understanding of membrane trafficking and may provide insight into diseases linked to AP-3 function, including HIV-1 particle assembly and human genetic disorders.

Giardia lamblia, a microscopic flagellated parasite that causes giardiasis, is a highly divergent eukaryote in which conventional Golgi, endosomes, lysosomes, and mitochondria are absent. Similar to other parasites of medical importance, Giardia lamblia has two life cycle stages - proliferative trophozoite form and water-resistant, nonmotile, infectious cyst form. During encystation when Giardia trophozoites transform into infectious cysts, they secrete cyst wall proteins (CWP1-3) that are trafficked and processed in Encystation Specific Vesicles (ESVs). These vesicles are thought to be stage-induced Golgi in Giardia. Previous work in the lab has shown that the signaling activities of G. lamblia’s single Rho family GTPase, GIRac play an important role in regulating this encystation process. The aim is to characterize proteins in Giardia lamblia that potentially interact with GIRac, currently focusing on homologs of known players in membrane trafficking by examining their order of arrival using morphology of the ESVs based on CWP1 staining. Since this is subjective, there is a need for stage-specific molecular markers. In other eukaryotes, Rab GTPases have been established as markers of membrane identity and directionality of trafficking. Only two out of nine Giardia’s Rab GTPases have been localized and reportedly found at ESVs and based on published images, they appear to be recruited at different stages of ESV maturation. By tagging the N-terminus of all 9 Giardia Rab GTPases with fluorescent tags, we can screen them for their localization to ESVs and perform multi-color imaging to determine the order of arrival of these markers. Ultimately, this finding of stage-specific molecular markers could be a powerful tool to further suggests its potential as a novel target for drug development to treat giardiasis.

Court fines and fees, previously an overlooked part of the justice system, are much more impactful than once thought. Recent research has traced the rise of court mandated fines and fees, or legal financial obligations (LFOs), and detailed their various effects. LFOs have been shown to have significant, detrimental effects on poor and minority groups in relation to other parts of the population. The disparity of effects from LFOs exacerbates the already prevalent issue of wealth inequality within the United States. This study evaluates whether LFOs are higher in low tax counties than in high tax counties. This is accomplished by gathering county level tax and LFO data for four states: Florida, Pennsylvania, Washington and Wisconsin. I perform linear regression analysis of the data and performed t-tests on all variables included in the equation. Regression shows whether lower taxes are correlated with an increase of LFO severity. I anticipate that LFOs will be more severe in areas with lower taxes due to the increased financial strain on the county government. A correlation between revenues and LFOs could indicate that counties are essentially using LFOs as secondary to make up for lower tax revenues, rather than their intended purpose of disincentivizing criminal activity. With better information on potential consequences of lowering taxes, we will be able to draft smarter fiscal policies rather than arbitrarily increasing the financial burden on the poor.

Crucial processes in clean energy research, such as the splitting of water into H₂ and O₂ and the reduction of CO₂, require multi-electron redox events throughout a catalytic cycle. Noble metals such as iridium and platinum prefer such events, while more abundant and consequently cheaper base metals prefer single-electron events. Redox-active ligands offer the potential of enabling noble metal behavior in base metals by combining a single-electron transformation at both the metal and the ligand to create an overall two-electron process. While redox non-innocent ligands are typically comprised of organic components, cobalt selenide clusters offer an attractive alternative given their wide variety of accessible oxidation states. Here, I present the synthesis of heteroleptic cobalt selenide clusters [cis-Co₆Se₈(PEt₃)₄(RNHP(C₆H₅)₂)₂ Et = ethyl, R = alkyl, aryl] containing ditopic aminophosphine ligands. The cluster was then metallated using copper(II) triflate and the product was fully characterized by multi-nuclear nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet-visible, and infrared spectroscopies. Further analysis was performed using cyclic voltammetry and the solid-state structure has been solved via single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Upon spectroscopic analysis, it appears that copper(II) is reduced to copper(I) by the cluster. This result is encouraging, as using clusters as redox-active ligands would require facile electron transfer between the metal atom and the cluster core.

Black phosphorus, an allotrope of phosphorus with a unique layered structure, can be exfoliated to form a few layer variant called phosphorene.  Phosphorene has recently emerged in the field of 2D materials as a promising candidate for use in novel electronic and optical devices.  Phosphorene's Achilles' heel, however, is its air-sensitivity.  When exposed to air, phosphorene is rapidly oxidized, losing its valuable optoelectronic properties.  Herein, we propose Lewis acids such as GaCl3, AlCl3, and AlBr3 as effective reagents for protecting phosphorene.  This Lewis acid-based strategy has advantages over previous methods because it is reversible and leaves phosphorene optically and electronically accessible.  A Lewis acid can act as an electron acceptor for the lone electons pairs on the surface of black phosphorus.  By sterically blocking oxygen's access to these lone pairs, ambient degradation in phosphorene is drastically slowed.

The Olympic Mountains on the west coast of Washington State are an impressive topographic feature, the emergence timing of which remains poorly documented. The Olympic Peninsula comprises 52 million year old (52 Ma) igneous rocks, and marine sedimentary rocks deposited from 52Ma to present. Here, we use a proxy to model sourcing of sediment called detrital zircon provenance (DZP). We use DZP of sedimentary rocks from the Olympic peninsula and from the Seattle Basin further east to model ancient drainage systems in order to place age constraints on the uplift of the Olympic Mountains. Our data from both areas show that 52 Ma through 23 Ma sandstones display DZP patterns and sediment type in agreement with a direct supply from central Washington. Samples of 13 to 11 Ma sandstones and modern river sands from the west of the Olympic Peninsula display a youngest zircon age population at 17 Ma. These data indicate that this area was still fed by central Washington at that time. 11 Ma sandstones from the eastern part of the Seattle Basin display DZP patterns still in agreement with supply from central Washington. By contrast, contemporary river sandstones from the western part of the basin mostly consist of reworked older sediment. This change in sediment source shows that by 11 Ma, the Olympics had already emerged and reached sufficient topographic prominence to support eastward draining rivers that deposited the 11 Ma river sandstone units of the Seattle Basin. These data allow us to constrain the initial uplift of the Olympic Mountains sometime after 17 Ma but before 11 Ma. The data are in close agreement with previously published ages that establish the exhumation of the Olympic Mountains beginning at 18 Ma, and show that the Olympic Peninsula became an emerged topographic high in less than 6 million years.

The Irrawaddy River is Myanmar’s biggest river system and the world’s third largest river in terms of sediment load. It drains the eastern edge of the Himalayas and flows through the Central Myanmar Basin into the Andaman Sea. Its geological history remains yet poorly documented, and when its modern drainage basin was established is unknown. For my research, I reconstructed the history of the Irrawaddy drainage system by using sedimentary provenance methods. Sediments in the Central Myanmar Basin can be traced back to their source rock by using different geochemical and petrographic proxies; by using these proxies on dated sedimentary rocks in the basin, I aimed at determining when the modern sediment sources were established. My research focused on two proxies: zircon geochronology and petrographic analysis of sandstones. Zircon geochronology is a method of dating zircon minerals from sandstones. The zircon age distribution obtained from a particular sediment sample is a direct insight into the age of the sediment source rock. Sandstone petrographic analysis involves analyzing at least 300 individual sediment grains and classifying them according to their mineralogy to compare them with the known rock characteristics in the potential sediment source areas. Both proxies were applied on sedimentary rocks of different ages previously collected in the field. I compared the results from both analyses with the modern sediments collected from the Irrawaddy river mouth and modern sediment source areas. I looked for consistency in the zircon age distributions and petrography signatures between the modern and older deposits to deduce the maximum age of the river. My preliminary results suggest that the Irrawaddy River was established around Middle Eocene (40Ma), which would make the Irrawaddy one of the oldest drainage systems of Asia.

Grasslands cover approximately 20% of Earth’s land today and spread gradually worldwide in subtropical areas during the last 40 million years. Pollen data from sedimentary rocks in Myanmar suggest that grasslands might have existed there as early as 25 million years ago but did not spread to other Asian regions until much later, 10-6 million years ago. To fully understand the ecology of these early Asian grasslands, I reconstructed the paleoenvironments of Myanmar during the late Oligocene and early Miocene, 25 to 18 million years ago. I used two paleoenvironmental proxies on paleosol samples from Burmese sedimentary rocks: carbon isotopic composition of bulk sediment and phytolith analysis. The bulk carbon isotopic composition in paleosol is an indirect insight into the local aridity and can help reconstructing soil productivity; phytoliths–silica bodies deposited inside living plant tissue that remain in the soil after the tissue decays, forming fossils—when extracted, can help identify the grass types and their relative abundance in the ecosystem. Documenting the characteristics and paleoenvironmental setting of these early grasslands will help us understanding why they did not spread until millions of years later in Asia –and if this timing of ecological expansion is linked to the regional evolution of monsoonal intensity.

Human behavior can be understood through the lense of evolutionary psychology as the product of biological and psychological adaptations to an ancestral environment. This approach serves as my conceptual basis for design as I ask the question, how can we create public spaces best suited to our evolved needs as Homo sapiens? I begin the process by compiling a list of evolutionary theories for a variety of human behaviors. Preliminary designs for public spaces in a range of urban contexts are then sketched, expounded upon using digital design software including Adobe Illustrator, and clarified for inclusion in my final product, the urban design look book: Designs by Origin. Existing public space designs accessed online serve as precedents within the final lookbook and as inspiration during my creative process. Accompanying my final designs are explanations of the evolutionary theories that inspired them as well as visual aids addressing both my creative process and the underlying science. This exploration of evolutionary psychology and urban design in tandem reveals a new method for design and a new lens through which the urban environment can be viewed. Designs by Origin will provide urban designers of all disciplines with an understanding of the dynamic natural process that produced their intended users and a relevant method for using this information to inform public space design.

Atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of most heart attacks and strokes, results from lipid accumulation in cells of the artery wall. Gene therapy, delivered directly to the artery wall, has the potential to prevent and reverse atherosclerosis. However, lipid accumulates primarily in cells below the endothelium, which are difficult to reach with gene therapy vectors. Our goal is to remove lipid from these cells by delivering therapeutic microRNA (miR) that increases cholesterol export from the cells. We hypothesized that if we introduced a therapeutic gene expressing the miR to endothelial cells (cells along the artery lumen), the endothelial cells would release this miR (anti-miR-33a-5p) via extracellular vesicles (exosomes) that transport miR between neighboring cells. We also hypothesized that smooth muscle cells (SMC) and macrophages would take up the therapeutic miR-containing exosomes, leading to higher expression of a critical cholesterol export protein (ABCA1) and increased cholesterol export. To test this in vitro, we introduced a therapeutic gene encoding the miR into endothelial cells and used RT-qPCR to test if the miR was released into the endothelial cell culture medium (CM) via exosomes. After confirming the presence of the therapeutic miR in exosomes purified from CM, we treated SMC and macrophages by incubating the cells with the exosome-containing CM. After incubation, we measured ABCA1 protein expression and cholesterol export. Expression of ABCA1 protein increased by 1.6- and 2.2-fold in SMC and macrophages, respectively, while cholesterol export increased by 1.4- and 1.6-fold. We conclude that gene therapy delivered to endothelial cells can produce therapeutic miR that is transferred to neighboring artery wall cells via exosomes, and increases cholesterol export in these target cells. If also effective in vivo, our approach has potential for reducing the severity of atherosclerosis by delivering therapeutic miR to cells that are difficult to reach with gene therapy.