Smoking is the world's leading preventable cause of death and it is responsible for millions of deaths annually. Smoking costs the United States billions of dollars each year due to medical care and lost productivity. There is very little research that addresses Hispanics working in agriculture jobs. This study evaluates whether and to what extent smoking is a coping mechanism for Hispanic males to manage agriculture work-related stress. This qualitative research study includes 5-10 short formal interviews with Hispanic males residing in Wenatchee, WA who smoke and work in agriculture. Results are analyzed using thematic analysis. Expected results are that Hispanic males who experience agriculture work-related stress use smoking as a coping mechanism, and experience negative health effects caused from either stress and/or smoking. This project will help health centers create programs that promote awareness on smoking and work-related stress that Hispanic males may be experiencing due to job roles.

In this study, I investigate how students with different racial identities -- white students and students of color -- think and interpret their own value of their debt as they near graduation and thus, begin their journey of repayment. Knowing that students of color take on a higher debt burden than white students, I want to look at these two groups of students and see if there is a difference in how students perceive their debt in accordance with their life, racial identity, and social experiences. I will investigate this using in depth interviews of students with $20,000 or more of student debt. This research will provide insight about the intersection of socioeconomic status, race, and student debt within American colleges. This will expand our understanding of how different people place a value on and expand on their student debt. As the student debt burden increases in the U.S., it is crucial that we understand how people make sense of that debt within their lives.

The three essential structures of life are RNA, protein and a lipid bilayer membrane. We hypothesize that these three structures formed co-dependently in an aqueous environment, as opposed to forming independently in diverse environments. In our scheme, a vesicle (membrane) formed and bound nucleobases and amino acids, the building blocks of RNA and proteins, respectively. Then, the resulting confinement and conformational constraints imposed by the membrane on the nucleobases and amino acids facilitated the formation of RNA and proteins, leading to the origin of life. The work presented here addresses one part of the hypothesis: “Do amino acids increase vesicle formation?” An increase in vesicle formation due to the addition of amino acids would support the hypothesis that membranes and proteins evolved co-dependently. It would suggest that amino acids stabilize vesicles, increasing the likelihood that fatty acid membranes and amino acids co-localized. Our experiments used decanoic acid, a prebiotic fatty acid that spontaneously forms membranes when dissolved in water. In the first part of the research, we added aqueous solutions of amino acids to a solution of decanoic acid at pH 6.83 and determined the extent of vesicle formation by measuring light scattering with a spectrophotometer. In the second part, we added amino acids to a decanoic acid solution above the pH at which vesicles form, and then slowly acidified the solution until vesicle formation began; again, we used light scattering as a measure of the extent of vesicle formation. We found that specific amino acids do in fact increase vesicle formation and also have an effect on the pH at which vesicles form. The next step in this research will be the addition of multiple types of amino acids and peptides additions in order to search for combinations that increase vesicle formation the most. The results contribute to the the possible driving mechanism behind the emergence of protocells.

Digital media and mobile applications used for leisure have become increasingly interwoven into people’s daily lives. Although playful mobile applications and their effects on society have been studied from a psychological, business, and computer science perspective, they have not been heavily engaged in the field of geography. Using Pokémon GO as a case study, this work aims to explore the ties between the corporate history and digital data of Niantic (the company that made Pokémon GO) and the effect it imposes on the “real world”. It aims to conduct a spatial analysis of pokéstops and pokégyms in King County, Washington. In order to do this, a discourse analysis of online documents from Niantic, newspapers, social media, and fan websites recounting the company's history with previous applications and press interviews was conducted. In addition, a hotspot spatial analysis of Pokémon GO (pokéstops and pokégyms) overlaid on American Community Survey data was created. The purpose of this analysis is to see potential spatial inequalities that the application may have created. The findings show Niantic’s lack of ethical consideration by how it deals with users data and privacy and as a result shows how the users have responded to issues in the past. The results also illustrate the skewing of data toward urban tech centers and the relative sparsity in rural areas, rendering use of the app pointless for certain users. Pokémon GO is the first location-based augmented reality mobile application to garner worldwide attention, and many application developers will likely use it as a point of reference when creating their own applications. It is imperative that developers and researchers learn from this application’s successes as well as its failures.

 Scholars in many disciplines have used the concepts of charisma and charismatic authority to describe leaders of prominent terrorist groups. These researchers do not give the breadth and depth these topics require when attributing them to casual relationships between leaders and followers. As a field, the study of terrorism is lacking in substantial work on the subject. This leads to an absence of deep conceptual understanding and incorrect or ill-defined usage. I will address the gap created by these missing definitive parameters to build a clearer understanding of the concepts. Through systematic comparison of the social tools employed by the leadership of Al-Qaeda and Boko Haram I will explore the characteristics of charismatic authority. I will analyze comparative parameters of group leaders, local demographics, institutional structures, and major national or regional events that precede violence. This goal will be achieved through historical document analysis using primary and secondary sources. Primary sources include documented speeches and interviews, documents released by the groups, and personal documents of leaders. Secondary sources include news stories, scholarly articles, and other academic literature. The purpose of this research is to set the stage for those with access to their followers to adequately explore the potential causal relationship between charismatic leadership and the actions of their followers.

DNA replication is critical to cellular reproduction. In bacterial and eukaryotic cells alike, DNA replication occurs in immobile, discrete complexes (so-called “factories”) enriched for replication proteins. However, the size of these replication complexes is well below the optical diffraction limit (~250 nm), making them difficult to study using conventional microscopy. Using Escherichia coli as a model organism, the goal of my project is to create an ultrastructural model (50-nm resolution) of the bacterial replication complex. To this end, I have developed an expansion microscopy (ExM) protocol that is compatible with bacterial cells. In short, E. coli cells harboring fluorescent fusions to replication proteins are embedded in a swellable polymer gel and physically expanded by a factor of four. The expanded specimen is subsequently visualized at high-resolution using a conventional fluorescence microscope. Unlike more traditional super-resolution methods, ExM is compatible with simultaneous imaging of up to four replication proteins, which I expect will be critical in determining the overall organization of the replication complex. Although ExM is established for eukaryotic cells, I am the first to apply the method to visualize the interiors of bacterial cells. I expect that this project will not only contribute a new super-resolution-microscopy method for bacterial cells, but also reveal the structure of the replication complex with unprecedented detail, perhaps providing insight into the mechanism of the fundamental process of DNA replication. This, in-turn, could lead to new therapies for combating diseases associated with replication defects, including cancer.

The years between 1889 and 1922 saw great archaeological activity in Egypt, a period known as the 'Golden Age' of Egyptology. Our research seeks to answer the question: “What were women’s experiences during the ‘Golden Age’ and what impact did their work have?” Mrs. Emma B. Andrews and Mrs. Helen Winlock are unique characters, choosing to escape the rigidity of Victorian society and pave their own way on the dusty roads of Egypt. Their letters and diaries bear witness to an exciting period of history. Our survey begins with the record of travel and excavation kept by Mrs. Emma B. Andrews and Helen Winlock, wife of Herbert Winlock, Director of the Metropolitan Museum Egyptian Expedition. They describe challenges of archaeological missions in Egypt, recounting issues of site and workforce management, as well as their interactions with diverse explorers and adventure. From scans of original handwritten letters, we transcribe frequently challenging handwriting and record Andrews’ and Winlock’s unique observations. These include descriptions of difficulties of daily life on site, of managing large groups of workers, and offer insights into the personalities and characters of eminent archaeologists. The results of our work are open source and offer important insights into the lives of the foremost Egyptologists and their families. We utilize technology such as iPads, Basecamp project management, and collaborative software to facilitate transcription. Ultimately, we will produce output that is accessible online to encourage collaborative engagement with others researching this ‘Golden Era’ of excavation. This information is stored in a database and will be freely available on our project website, to encourage collaborative engagement with others researching this ‘Golden Era’ of excavation. In doing this, we aim to recreate the world of archaeology from a bygone era, seen and described through the eyes of women who were ahead of their time.

Many membranes spontaneously demix into coexisting liquid phases. These include membranes that are as simple as three-component lipid vesicles and as complex as protein-rich vacuole membranes within living yeast cells. The resulting membrane phases are enriched in particular lipids and proteins. Membrane phase separation is one of several mechanisms proposed to explain the observation of heterogenous distributions of lipids and proteins in cell membranes ("rafts"), which are thought to be important in cell signaling, apoptosis, and protein regulation. The overwhelming majority of experiments that probe phase separation in membranes uses only one type of lipid (namely phosphatidylcholine). However, it is known that biological membranes also contain significant fractions of other kinds of lipids (e.g. phosphatidylethanolamine, or PE-lipids). An experimental challenge is that membranes composed of high fractions of PE-lipids are unstable – the lipids assemble in tubes instead of lying in sheets. In my project, I am [1] determining the maximum amount of saturated and unsaturated PE-lipids that can be incorporated into stable membranes, [2] measuring the temperature at which the membranes demix into coexisting phases, and [3] imaging the vesicles by fluorescence microscopy. Results from Aim 1 inform future researchers which lipid ratios they can use to produce stable membranes. Results from Aim 2 provide data against which the scientific community can calibrate molecular dynamics simulations. Results from Aim 3 provide a direct test of a recent prediction that PE-lipids should be anti-registered across fluctuating membranes.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating disease with few treatment options available for recovering motor function. Based on past studies using electrical stimulation of the spinal cord, we believe that long-term optogenetic spinal stimulation (OSS) may improve motor function after an SCI. We are investigating this therapeutic potential using a rat model of SCI with an implantable LED to deliver optogenetic stimulation in vivo. However, activation of the LED produces heat that could damage the surrounding tissue. I have modified these LED implants by incorporating a thermistor that tracks temperature changes during optical stimulation. Using this device, I determined how the modulation of stimulation parameters affects heat production at the site of the implant and have identified several safe parameter sets. These results will inform the parameter choices used in future studies on OSS. An optimized OSS methodology has the potential to improve the lives of those with an SCI by enhancing their capability for volitional movement.

Geographers generally define sense of place as the meaning an individual ascribes to a particular location. Collectively, sense of place creates the identity and character of a region and is represented through culinary, literary, visual, and many other forms of art unique to the local culture. Technological advancements in communication have changed sense of place by affecting how these cultural differences are maintained, but also offer new ways of capturing and sharing sense of place. What elements and by which means individuals choose to capture personal representations of an environment shape the way communities as a whole perceive, ascribe meaning to, and amass their own descriptions and representations of that place. My project explores this iterative relationship between visual representation and written description of place. I have selected a collection of crowd-sourced pictures of the local landscape using an app that pulls up publicly posted Instagram images that have been geotagged near the location of the user. I consider these pictures to be modern forms of landscape folk art and conducted visual content analysis to code the images with descriptive terms. I have also created an in-person, crowd-sourced cartography installation consisting of three simplified maps of Seattle that was placed in a gallery where patrons were asked to write, directly on the maps, descriptions of their own sense of place associated with the locations. I then compared the language from the installation to that from the analysis of the Instagram images. Strong similarities between the two suggest the possibility of using crowd-sourced visual representations of place from social media to offer a greater understanding of how natural and built environments evolve and what they mean to the people who inhabit them.

This study explores the use of media to construct social valuation and devaluation in racial discourse on the internet. The use of social media and on-line platforms contribute to complex power relations that mediate social and racial difference. I am investigating how both news sources and social media are used in relation to the Black Lives Matter movement and All Lives Matter campaign to expose the relational construction of value, race, and the “other.” Through an inductive content and discourse analysis of primary movement resources, news media, and Twitter, I reveal the controversial ways in which the value of Black lives is affirmed and challenged on public platforms. This project is significant for understanding how social media and online news sources have created new opportunities for protest as well as new revelations of how the process of “othering” racialized groups persists in the twenty-first century.

Despite the intense coverage of the Syrian Civil War in US media, consensus about what started the Syrian Civil War is highly debated. The variety of explanations cited as leading to the Syrian Civil War range from: corruption, protests, sectarianism, climate change, and drought. My mixed methods research begins by exploring whether certain conflict explanations like the Arab Spring Protests are overrepresented in discourse whereas conflict explanations using climate change are underrepresented. A manifest content analysis of 134 American newspaper articles of causes for the conflict from the New York Times, Washington Post, and Wall Street Journal yielded that they did indeed favor Arab Spring protests but that the results varied by newspaper. The right-leaning Wall Street Journal failed to mention climate change in a statistically significant manner whereas the Washington Post repeatedly mentioned climate change as a major factor for the Syrian Civil War. Interpretations and analysis of the same conflict produced different ideas about what started the conflict. The second part of my research involved an inductive latent content analysis of these news sources to truly understand the perceptions that drove news organizations to report the way they did. Here I report two key findings: a better understanding of how causal factors for conflict are explained in American media and how media organizations justify and convey narratives of importance to them. Such research is important because climate change and conflict is an issue that is important to the stability of the globe. Understanding how and why it’s importance is overrepresented and underrepresented in news sources can help determine how popular geopolitics shapes perceptions and how to make discussions of climate change in the lens of conflict more acceptable.

Public transit is a quasi-public space between the public and private, acting as a fabric connecting the lives of many different types of people. Working within a framework of feminist urban geographies, this research seeks to understand how fear, safety, and emotion are constructed and interpreted within transit space in the city. With a particular focus on the experiences of women and queer individuals, I questioned how geographies of fear and safety impact movement and behavior in the city. Additionally, I examined the role of city officials and policy makers in creating safer transit spaces. Using a synthesis of qualitative research, media analysis, and autoethnography, I present the policies and practices that have, and have not, been successful in cities across the United States. The results of this research have shown that women and queer people consistently report feelings of insecurity and lack of safety in urban spaces. Policies and campaigns introduced in major cities such as New York and Los Angeles have had measurable success in combating harassment and violence, while smaller cities such as Seattle have yet to implement policies to do the same. This research is intended to contribute to the larger discourse surrounding feminist geographies and urban studies.

Radiation emitted from supermassive black holes in the early universe (quasars) is absorbed by hydrogen in the intergalactic medium. Hydrogen absorbs light at certain resonant frequencies in the spectra of quasars. Statistics of Lyman-alpha absorption (the most studied resonant frequency of hydrogen) probes the cosmological parameters governing the universe (e.g. mass of dark matter) and the temperature of intergalactic gas (which constrains how the universe was heated). To further improve these constraints, I will be using another Lyman series transition (Lyman-beta). Due to the smaller absorption cross-section of Lyman-beta, we may probe higher densities than measured with the Lyman-alpha transition therefore increasing the number of data points to analyze. By including the Lyman-beta transition, our analysis allows for a better understanding of intergalactic gas which provides for more robust cosmological constraints.

The global focus on health equity and the injustice of health disparities highlight the need to explore social determinants of health. While socioeconomic differences in alcohol use are well documented, the socioeconomic differences of those that have experienced positive outcomes from drug and alcohol treatment remain largely unexplored. Per the Stress Process Model and Fundamental Cause Theory, we would expect treatment’s ability to reduce substance use to be significantly influenced by access to resources—time, energy, and both economic and social capital). Moreover, if class-based disparities in recovery from addiction exist, this important dimension of inequality must be incorporated into our understanding of stratification in health outcomes. Using pooled cross-sectional time series data over 6 years on adults over 25 from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N = 118,392), this study aims to answer the question: Does socioeconomic status (SES) moderate drug and alcohol treatment’s ability to reduce substance use? We operationalized measures of SES and receiving treatment as independent variables, the number of binge drinking days (five or more drinks in a day) in the last month as the dependent variable, and controlled for demographics and characteristics of past use. Additionally, we extend this research by comparing results from three years of low unemployment (1999, 2000, and 2001) and three years of high unemployment (2009, 2010, and 2011) to explore how the economic climate interacts with SES’s impact. Initial findings support the Stress Process Model and Fundamental cause theory by revealing that those of higher SES see a greater reduction in binge drinking after treatment. We expect times of high unemployment to exaggerate these findings, revealing structural barriers to recovery. The goal is to add to the academic understanding of social stratification, aid in targeted resource allocation to improve health, and promote health equity.

The formation of the universe’s first galaxies is currently not well understood; with the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) in the near future, however, it may soon be possible to uncover critical details about how and when the first galaxies formed. In this project, we examine whether it will be possible to discern the clustering of high-mass, high-redshift dark matter halos from background noise when looking at data from the JWST. The ability to detect these halos, which are believed to play a key role in galaxy formation, through their clustering could lead to further breakthroughs in the study of the early universe. An initial test of the effects of projection was run using data from the Illustris simulation at redshifts z=6 and z=10. Halo positions were analyzed in both 3D and 2D at each redshift in order to determine how much projection altered our ability to detect halo clustering. When viewing 2D projections of halo positions, it became evident that projection was significantly reducing our ability to detect clustering. When we made use of the third dimension to eliminate the projection effect, the clustering of high-mass, high-redshift halos become apparent at both redshifts. In reality, it will not be possible to replicate this 3D case; exact measurements for the depths of high-redshift galaxies are not obtainable using the JWST. Going forward, we will work to refine our results by applying real JWST data specifications in order to determine the feasibility of using JWST data to detect early halo clustering. Making use of information such as limits on the detectability of galaxies based on their star formation rates and the uncertainty of JWST spectroscopic measurements will allow us to better determine whether the idea of studying halo clustering at high redshifts using JWST data is worth pursuing.

In our universe, galaxies tend to fall into one of two categories: those that inhabit a clustered environment, and those that lead more solitary lives in the field. Galaxies that reside within a cluster evolve differently from their solitary counterparts; namely, their ability to form stars seems to be stunted over time. However, understanding this phenomenon is hard since it’s difficult to obtain detailed data about the evolution of distant galaxies through strictly observational techniques. Instead, we use a cosmological simulation of a galaxy cluster similar to the real Virgo cluster to discover the mechanisms of star suppression in such environments. Comparing our synthetic observations with existing observations of galaxies in the Virgo cluster will help constrain theories of galaxy evolution. Our preliminary results show signs of all the major forms of star suppression that are believed to exist, as well as a few outlying cases that don’t fit any models we’ve seen so far. Now, we are continuing to look into one specific theory of galaxy evolution, called RAM pressure stripping, that removes the gas required to form stars from a galaxy via an external pressure. We are trying to discern what kinds of galaxies tend to undergo this process, and how exactly it impacts a galaxy over time. Understanding this fascinating phenomenon will result in a more accurate model of galactic evolution.