In the population of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in Shark Bay, Australia, groups of two or three adult males form long-term alliances that sequester, harass, and intimidate adult females, presumably to increase their chances of mating success. Costs that males inflict on females include physical injury, changes in home range and habitat use, reduced foraging, and changes in calf care. Although altered female behavior is evident during association with males, the direct impact males have on female behavior is not entirely clear. That is, male behavior and female responses to such behavior during consortships have not been explicitly documented. A long-term study has collected detailed behavioral data on the Shark Bay population since 1988. Using this dataset, this project will quantify the rate of male aggression directed at females and how female activity budgets and foraging tactics change in response. Preliminary work indicated that rates of received aggression were higher for cycling females than non-cycling females, and higher when females were in the presence of more than one male, potentially confirming that males use aggression to coerce reproductively viable females. Females also spent less time foraging when in the presence of more than one male, hinting at potential costs to the female owing to loss of food. Because females have highly specialized foraging tactics, changes in foraging behavior and home range during prolonged or repeated consortships could impact female condition.

Despite the large number of gametes that clams release, very few offspring survive to reproductive age and harvestable sizes. There are several ways that aquaculturists try to protect young settlers, including adding gravel on top of fine sediment. We tested whether the addition of gravel helped decrease the mortality rate from small crabs in lab experiments. We tested predation rates on juvenile manila clams, Ruditapes philippinarum by the hairy shore crab, Hemigrapsus oregonensis in different sediments. Clams were placed in tubs with no sediment (NS), fine sand (FS), or sand with gravel on top (SG). After allowing time for the clams to burrow, crabs were added to each tub and given 24 hours to consume the clams. Crabs consumed some clams in all treatments although there was high variation among individuals. Gravel addition did not reduce predation rates compared to fine sand alone, but there was a trend for more predation in no sediment than with sediment. We also tested the ability to consume small clams of different predators that live in the same sediment habitat as R. philippinarum. The worms, Nereis brandti, Paranemertes peregrina and Hemipodus borealis all showed no predation on clams within a 24-hour period. The snail, Alia also showed no predation on juvenile clams. By understanding multiple factors that lead to juvenile clam mortality, fisheries can improve upon their methods to increase harvestable populations.

A Walking School Bus is a safe, physically active way for children to commute to and from school with adult supervision. Volunteers walk along designated routes through the neighborhood, as students join the group to walk to school while practicing pedestrian safety skills and starting the day with exercise. With 21% of Seattle youth suffering from obesity and 83% of students living within the walk-zone of their school, there is a clear need and opportunity to provide students with a viable option to walk to school. The Seattle Department of Transportation (SDOT) Safe Routes to School (SRTS) division recognizes this gap and is looking toward Walking School Buses as a strategy to increase the number of children walking to school and improve traffic safety for children. I plan use this project to determine the most effective way that SDOT can provide support for schools across Seattle to establish their own Walking School Buses. One of the primary challenges in determining what support looks like, is identifying what schools need. Since every school has a different assortment of resources, assets, cultures, geographies, and capacities, a Walking School Bus will likely look very different from one school to the next. I plan to develop a set of recommendations that outline how SDOT can best support schools, what support looks like, and how that varies based on the school. I will conduct interviews with parents and schools staff who have had experience with Walking School Buses, develop case studies of Seattle walk-to-school programs, and research national and international examples. I hope to create a resource that can provide all elementary students in Seattle with a safe and viable way to walk to school.

Speed of sound measurements in four geologically important aqueous solutions (sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, magnesium chloride, and magnesium sulfate) as a function of pressure (0.1 to 700 MPa), temperature (250 K to 360 K), and concentration allow determination of Gibbs Energy. Sound speeds, based on ultrasonic time-of-flight measurements in a temperature-controlled pressure vessel, are integrated as a function of pressure to get densities and heat capacities. Both of these are derivatives of Gibbs Energy, which can be used to find all thermodynamic properties of the solution at a given pressure and temperature. Aside from spending vast amounts of time in-lab to acquire ultrasonic data, my data processing programs have been helpful in assuring our data precision and accuracy throughout the research process. Since icy (ocean) worlds in our solar system (including Europa, Titan, and Enceladus) are believed to contain liquid water within the current range of measurements, this work is useful in constructing geochemical models for planetary evolution and guides astrobiology questions of whether habitable environments exist on these planets.

Accurate thermodynamic properties of aqueous solutions are typically described using arbitrary and custom combinations of global basis functions (GBFs) that are designed to fit specific data sets. This approach is revision-intolerant, since each set of GBFs is fixed to a particular data set, and an entirely new set of basis functions may be required when data sets are expanded. Reusable thermodynamic representations that can accommodate new data for an ever-widening range of conditions can be achieved using multivariate tensor B-splines, a series of smoothly-connecting local basis functions (LBFs) that each represents an arbitrarily narrow regime. However, the current implementation of LBFs for thermodynamic representations requires proprietary software, and widespread acceptance of this new paradigm may be contingent on the availability of easy-to-use, platform-agnostic tools that simplify the dissemination and utilization of such information. I am developing Jupyter notebooks that accept previously developed LBF-based equations of state covering a defined range of pressures, temperatures, and concentrations, and, within the specified regime, return graphical or numerical representations of thermodynamic properties including Gibbs energy and its derivatives including density, specific heat, isothermal and adiabatic bulk moduli, thermal expansivity, and chemical potential. These tools will eventually accommodate both those seeking a simple prediction of state variables and those who seek to expand, reproduce, or refine an existing LBF equation of state. Use by the latter group has the potential to strengthen a model over time by providing straightforward and open-source opportunities for collaborative evolution of thermodynamic representations, whereas the conventional methodology requires highly specialized skills that inhibit such improvement.

Imidacloprid (IMI), a neonicotinoid, is being sought as an alternative to the carbamate pesticide, carbaryl to control burrowing shrimp (ghost shrimp, Neotropea californiensis) in Willapa Bay and Grays Harbor, Washington. The shrimp destabilize sediments resulting in poor survival and low yields of the commercially harvested Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Previous laboratory tests indicate juvenile and adult ghost shrimp are overtly affected (immobilized) when exposed to IMI in artificial seawater (SW) at concentrations expected during control operations, but not killed and subsequently recover. Our objective was to determine if emamectin benzoate (EB) is an alternative to IMI. EB, the active ingredient (a.i.) in Slice®, is currently registered for use in marine waters for the control of sea lice on farmed salmon. We targeted juvenile shrimp because they are likely more sensitive than adults and reside within the upper 10-15 cm of the sediment facilitating control. In an initial test to determine the effective range, we exposed juvenile ghost shrimp (mean carapace length = 2.3 mm) to static concentrations of EB (as the insecticide Proclaim®) ranging from 0.01 to 100 ppb a.i. within artificial SW for 96 h. All shrimp within the 100 ppb treatment died within 48 h and 27% exposed to 10 ppb succumbed by 96 h. In a subsequent 96-h test (static 48-h renewal), we exposed juveniles (mean carapace length = 2.1 mm) to concentrations of EB ranging from 10 to 100 ppb to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50). All shrimp exposed to 100 ppb died within 24 h. The 96-h LC50 was 18.8 ppb compared to >12,000 ppb for IMI. EB may provide more effective control than IMI because it targets the primary neurophysiology of the shrimp. Further tests are required to determine effective concentrations within sediment, assess potential non-target effects, and evaluate environmental fate.

Study of the thermodynamic properties of pure water and aqueous salt solutions of NaCl and Na2SO4 were undertaken to determine the equations of state for ices VI and VII at pressures from 1 to 4 GPa and temperatures from room temperature to approximately 300 ℃. The analysis was performed on data along the melting curves of pure water and aqueous solutions of up to 4 mol/kg of Na2SO4 and NaCl as measured within the pressure chamber of a Diamond Anvil Cell (DAC) utilizing ruby fluorescence spectra as a pressure gauge. The data were fit using a local basis function representation, allowing the comparison of the melting surfaces for the two salt solutions over a range of concentrations. Equations estimating evolution of the liquid-ice VI-ice VII triple point with increasing salt concentration, and prediction of the eutectic were enabled from the fit, providing better constraints on structural and geodynamic modelling of icy worlds. Melting point depression with increasing concentration of salt and incorporation of the salt ions into the crystal lattice, and density inversion between the high-pressure ices and saline solutions suggest the possibility of deep oceans of alternating layers of water and ice. Quantification of the effects of aqueous salts on these ices will allow the development of realistic modelling of the hydrosphere of icy worlds and exoplanets. Such modelling can be used to test the possible existence of chemical composition and water/rock dynamics favorable to the existence of habitable zones in these extreme environments.

The human brain is comprised of many billions of neurons, which then connect with each other many trillions of times. Modeling how these neurons function provides insight into language, thought, and behavior. However, neurons are not all identical, so an approach that performs well on some neurons will perform poorly on others. I focused on a learning system to detect and model neurons that use pattern-recognition in order to decide when to fire, which would not be expressed well under existing approaches. We researched a strategy for describing these process in a non-Markov state, which means that we do not have enough information to correctly model the neuron, by approximating to Markov models using a subset of the required information. This means that we produce a set of probabilities for the next state of the neuron given the previous state. We approximate the Markov model using Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) optimizing for smallest confidence interval to select sequences to measure. In order to calculate a confidence interval on a given sequence we apply A*, pronounced A star, which is a targeted pathfinding algorithm, in order to produce execution paths that in turn find confidence intervals. We use two strategies for pruning sequences; a MCTS to find the measured sequence that differs least from chance for long term learning, and exponential decay for short term learning. We assume that after we process information it cannot be recovered, so when we measure new sequences we only measure from the time of consideration onward. If our process successfully locates important patterns the neuron is looking for, it produces an accurate approximation for the neuron that can be rapidly evaluated.

Despite the intense coverage of the Syrian Civil War in US media, consensus about what started the Syrian Civil War is highly debated. The variety of explanations cited as leading to the Syrian Civil War range from: corruption, protests, sectarianism, climate change, and drought. My mixed methods research begins by exploring whether certain conflict explanations like the Arab Spring Protests are overrepresented in discourse whereas conflict explanations using climate change are underrepresented. A manifest content analysis of 134 American newspaper articles of causes for the conflict from the New York Times, Washington Post, and Wall Street Journal yielded that they did indeed favor Arab Spring protests but that the results varied by newspaper. The right-leaning Wall Street Journal failed to mention climate change in a statistically significant manner whereas the Washington Post repeatedly mentioned climate change as a major factor for the Syrian Civil War. Interpretations and analysis of the same conflict produced different ideas about what started the conflict. The second part of my research involved an inductive latent content analysis of these news sources to truly understand the perceptions that drove news organizations to report the way they did. Here I report two key findings: a better understanding of how causal factors for conflict are explained in American media and how media organizations justify and convey narratives of importance to them. Such research is important because climate change and conflict is an issue that is important to the stability of the globe. Understanding how and why it’s importance is overrepresented and underrepresented in news sources can help determine how popular geopolitics shapes perceptions and how to make discussions of climate change in the lens of conflict more acceptable.

Manila clams, Ruditapes philippinarum, are a widely used species in Washington shellfish aquaculture. Juveniles in particular have high mortality rates due in part to predation, but the extent of this predation is unknown. This study investigates the prey size range and preference shown by the crabs Hemigrapsus nudus, Metacarcinus gracilis, Cancer productus, and Romaleon antennarium when preying on R. philippinarum. To test if crabs prefer to prey on larger clams due to their higher food content, we placed crabs and clams together in microcosms and measured mortality rates of the clams. It was found that all crabs could eat all tested clam sizes. Cancrid crabs preferred to eat larger clams; R. antennarium ate the most clams. In contrast, H. nudus had no preference for a particular clam size. Based on these results, countermeasures against juvenile Manila predation should have a special focus on cancrid crabs, and further research on the reasons behind the trend of cancrid preference for larger juveniles should be considered. 

The University of Washington prides itself on being a leader in sustainability, but is currently not doing all that it can to reduce waste that ends up in landfills and lower their carbon emissions. While many universities across the United States have banned the sale of disposable water bottles on their campuses, including five Washington State schools, the University of Washington has not made an effort to do the same. Banning the sale of disposable water bottles would help lower the University’s carbon footprint and divert plastic from landfills. I answered the question, what steps does the University of Washington need to take before they can stop selling bottled water at their Seattle campus? To do this I wrote a report where I analyzed the human, environmental, and economic impacts of divesting from disposable water bottles on the University of Washington Seattle campus. After completing this report I created a set of suggestions for the administration, detailing what needs to be done for the University to successfully stop selling bottled water. Disposable water bottles are an often forgotten source of pollution, both in terms of pollutants that enter your body when you drink from them, and in terms of environmental pollution. Pollution from bottled water occurs at every stage, production, transportation, consumption, and improper disposal. Getting the University of Washington to divest from selling disposable plastic water bottles on its Seattle campus will benefit student and environmental health.

Olympia oysters (Ostrea lurida) are the only native oyster species in Washington State. Over the past 100 years populations have dwindled, but due to restoration efforts, Olympia oysters are slowly recovering. So far there is limited information about the behavior during the larval stage. Previous observations suggest that larvae would be more abundant at the surface compared to the bottom of the water column. In this study, we measured the spatial distribution of larvae at surface and bottom depths in Fidalgo Bay, WA during the Summer of 2013. Plankton samples were taken from 4 intertidal and 2 subtidal stations pumping 100L of seawater through a 75 µm sieve. Olympia oyster larvae were identified using light microscopy, measured for shell height and length, and tallied to determine abundance and distribution. As predicted, larvae were not randomly distributed across the bay, and more larvae were found at the surface for each site. We found an order of magnitude of more larvae at surface depths during ebb tide, indicating that larvae are being transported out of the bay. These results are being combined with additional temporal and spatial sampling, as well as environmental data, to fully describe the larval distribution of oysters in the bay. This study will improve restoration efforts as well as inform researchers and local communities about the early life stages of Olympia oysters.

Cycle tracks have been proven to be one of the safest forms of bike infrastructure in terms of car-bicycle collisions. Otherwise known as bikeways, a cycle track is a form of street-level bike infrastructure that uses a variety of methods for physical protection from passing traffic. This study examines individual perception of safety while biking and how it varies with different buffers. Through an online survey, individuals, both bikers and non-bikers, will be asked to rank their safety perception of cycle tracks with different types of buffers. Results from this survey will determine which kind of buffer; between planters, raised concrete curb, two-to-three foot painted buffer with plastic flex posts, two-to-three foot painted buffer with parked cars, and grass with trees, has the highest ranking of safety perception. My findings will act as the evidence necessary to recommend that the City of Seattle's Department of Transportation implement more of this type of cycle track to ultimately increase ridership.

Joubert syndrome (JS) is a rare recessive genetic disorder characterized by hindbrain malformations appearing as the “molar tooth sign” on axial brain imaging. Causal genetic variants for JS need to fulfill three criteria: They need to be 1) rare, 2) deleterious, and 3) present in both alleles in the patient. Patients in our cohort are sequenced for rare predicted-deleterious variants (RDVs) to identify variants that satisfy the first two criteria. To determine whether the segregation pattern of the variants satisfies the third criterion, we sequence both parents, each of whom should carry only one of the variants. My research uses Next-Generation Sequencing to determine the segregation pattern for families in whom RDVs have already been identified. Specifically, I performed targeted-sequencing of putative causal variants in the parents using molecular inversion probes, and then I used the sequencing data to determine the segregation pattern. In most families, one RDV will be present in each parent, indicating that they affect both alleles in the child, because these variants are robust candidates that have passed the filters for being rare and deleterious. If both RDVs are present in one parent, then they have to be on the same allele and cannot be the cause of JS in the family. In these families, we will have to consider other variants or perform additional sequencing to identify the causal variants. Ultimately, the goal of my research is to elucidate the genetic basis of JS to improve prognostic and risk recurrence information, provide diagnostic, carrier and prenatal testing, and delineate the biological mechanisms of JS that will be the targets of future precision therapies.

The idea of busy culture permeates college campuses nationwide and describes the trend of students engaging in less leisure activities and more time spent in academic and professional devotions: a trend which in our experience is reflected in the culture of University of Washington. There is little research exploring the nature and consequences of busy culture on college campuses. To address this gap in the literature, the purpose of this study is to better understand UW undergraduate students’ own perceptions of being busy, and how they see busyness as impacting their academic experience and overall well-being. We conducted four focus groups with eight to ten participants per group, with two trained student facilitators. These focus groups explored topics including what students consider “busy,” and how busyness functions in their life. Qualitative analyses looked for emergent definitions of busyness that are consistent across students, and seeked to understand if motivations and perceived consequences of busyness are similar, or different among different students. We discussed these patterns in the context of existing literature on social norms and student stress and refine hypotheses about busyness to better inform future research. We also considered how these results can contribute to improved student programming to enhance the student experience at UW.